Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Welcome students, parents and faculty. Well, this Senior Breakfast brings us one step closer to the event weve been anxiously awaiting. Weve worked long and hard to get to this point. And yet, it seems desire so pocket-size time has passed since we were middle schoolers, excited to move on with our lives and enter high school.Do you remember how we were in middle school, even as freshmen? Remember what we thought of, what we wanted to get out of life, what we thought high school would be like? Now, think how weve changed. Our perception of what high school was spillage to be like was definitely a little fantasized. It wasnt really what we expected, though I dont think many of us were disappointed. After everything, our attitudes are a little different -- our minds maybe even a little broader.We have experienced a great deal during our high school years, thanks to the opportunities Brinkman made procurable to us. The French classes can go on a field trip to a play in Seattle the b and can represent the school at statewide marching competitions, complete with original music and a cou...

Physics of the Turntable :: physics sound music

Have you ever wondered how a record player works? Probably not. After both, who still listens to records? Surprisingly enough, turntables are making a scratch back. With the recent surge of interest in hip hop music, popular attention has been turned towards the turntable, used by DJs to provide beats, loops and scratching for virtually all of todays hip hop groups.The inner workings of the turntable may seem complex at first but after reading this paper it should vex clear that, like all things, the record player works on basic principals of physics. In fact, the turntable is remarkable in that the basic physical principles bum it are quite simple. Some of these will be explored here. Please enjoy your visit.How a record player works is quite simple. A motor is in some way connected to a solid disc so that the disc is rotated at a constant speed. On top of the rotating disc (platter), The record is rigid on top, with a compositors case mat in between. The slip mat can serve t wo functions. In the past to hold the record in place so that it would not rotate independently of the platter. Now, however, the slip mat serves a much different function. Instead of holding the record in place, the slip mat is now used to reduce the friction between the spinning platter and the record. This way a DJ can scratch (manually move the record, commonly at high speeds) the record while the platter continues to spin underneath. Once the record is rotating, a stylus glides along the grooves and picks up the vibrations, these are then reborn into audible sound.There are many different models of turntables still being manufactured. Of those being sold, it is possible to divide them into two separate categories based upon their motor system. near all record players being manufactured today have either tap wad or direct drive motors. For the reasons discussed below, direct drives are authoritative as the industry standard for professional DJs and turntabilists.Belt Drive -There are two advantages to the whack drive design. The motor in a belt driven turntable is set away from the platter by means of a continuous belt loop. This minimizes vibration to the platter and thus needle skipping. Also, belt drive models tend to be much cheaper than their direct drive counter parts.These advantages, however, do not balance the many short falls of the belt drive design.

Methamphetamine as a Sleepless Dream or Addictive Nightmare Essay

Methamphetamine as a Sleepless Dream or Addictive nightm beMethamphetamine has reclaimed a place in the lexicon of party drugs. Hailed bynocturnal adventurers, condemned by raver idealists, is speed a sleepless dreamor an addictive nightmare?Here at the end of the millennium, the pace of modern life seems fleeting -- awhirl of minutes, hours and days. In dealing with the changes, humans contractequipped themselves with the tools to move faster, more efficiently. At the sametime a dependence for the marketing, gamy-speed transportation and pharmacologyof this modern age has evolved. In a race to outdo ourselves, we have moveddangerously toward the fine line between extinction and evolution. Therefore,the human capacity to handle the velocity becomes a sparse balance.Our generation (see Gen X, 20-somethings) could be considered the sleeplessgeneration. An age of societys children weaned on the ideals of high-speedcommunication and accelerated culture has prided itself in mastering m any of thefacets of human institution -- doing more, sleeping less. The machines of this agehave in a way enabled us to create a 24-hour lifestyle. We have pushed thelimits of the modern world further -- ATMs, high-speed modems, happy bombs andbullet trains. However, the limitations of human existence, like sleep, maystill provide the stumbling block for infinite realization. That is, without chemic aid.In many ways, capitalism fuels the idea. Our society is based upon the pileconsumption of these substances. Cultural ideals, while seemingly benevolent asHave a Coke and a smile have sold the link to chemical substances likecaffeine and nicotine to the good life. Today, stimulants are the bedrock forconsumer culture. For our generation, this appeal was heightened by raising thestakes in the 80s on what it meant to have fun.Late night clubs, high speed music and 24-hour lifestyles brought the specter ofdrugs to the fold as a necessity for being able to attain more. Leaps away fromt he psychedelics of the 60s, in the 80s these stimulant drugs became tools --utilitarian devices to come across wealth, intelligence and prestige. Sleep became abarrier for success. Dreams were the frivolous luxuries of childhood.Raves, founded equally in the post-conservative underground late-80s and thechaotic early-90s, are pa... ..., however, bymethamphetamines nature -- as a refined, concentrate addictive substance -- itonly perpetuates the cycle for needing more.There is very little factual information about amphetamines and their dangersavailable to the lay person. Research on the subject, out from medicaljournals, is virtually nill. There is however a great deal of dangerouspropaganda -- hear-say, lies, rumors. Misinformation sometimes is more dangerousthan no information and real answers are only found through communication.Many other drugs have been part of the rave community over the years -- nitrousoxide, Special K (ketamine) and particularly ecstasy (MDMA) but none haveexhibited the burn-out or addiction rate associated with methamphetamine. Whilemeth (or any drug) is an inert substance that we cannot attribute blame to, byits nature it has raised the question Are we really built for speed? It seemsthat the human body, while naturally resilient to much self-inflicted abuse, maynot be a reliable container for the soul at high speeds. Methamphetamine mayhave the ability to chemically fuel the ride, physically it may just resurrect thelimitations for human society.

Richard Essay -- essays research papers fc

Richard Wright Author of Black BoyRichard Wrights Black Boy depicts the different observations of the southwestern and the North. In the South, Wright faces pre-depression and racism. In the North, Wright faces the conflicts from the Communist party. At the hold back of Black Boy, Wright quotes What had I got out of living in the city? What had I got out of living in the South?(Wright 452)Wrights thought of the South was that the South was a socially unreconstructed region where dumbs who asserted their basic human rights invited punishment or death. Black Boy forces the reader to imagine the Southern disembodied spirit from a Negro point of view. The perspective of the South is that the entire society is assembled to keep the Negro in his place. White society of the South restricts a black persons freedom of movement, discourages his ambition, and banishes the black person to a place of inferiority. In Black Boy, an elevator boy named Shorty invites a clear man to rebound him for a quarter. Shorty is a symbol of nothingness because he does not have any pride in himself and towards his race. Wright would rather die that have himself kicked. Wright marvels at the willingness of southern Negroes who control themselves, their hopes and dreams. Black Boy states that the South is so dark that Wright wanders over the fact that the sun is still shining. 1) Readers are felt free to make glum charges on the South were forced to inspect the problems of race, oppression and class in the North. Due to segregation in the South, it was unthinkable for a black boy to come a writer. Wright learns that his people grope at the Southern life making them believe in a better world up North. Wright leaves the South so that he could engage himself with reality. Wrights reflections on the South ended with a quote, This was the culture from which I sprang, this was the terror from which I fled.(Wright 303) When Wright goes to Chicago, Wright did not go North with a sense of wh at he wanted to become. In the North, Wright faces the pressure of the Communist Party. In the Communist Party, the themes of black and white are less intense. The issue of black and white as a race continues but Wright notes, he now feels a different sort of tens... ...for the Walls bringing in firewood and the Walls consider their house a back up home to Wright where he understands them more than his own family.Wright wrote Black Boy knowing that the book should not be read as a historic verity which struggles to report those false facts, but read as a narrative truth. Wright does not mention that his mother was a successful schoolteacher and that many of his friends were college capability members. Wright also leaves out his fathers family background, which could have explained what type of person Wrights father was. 5)The story that Richard Wright creates in Black Boy, whatever it is a historical record, is important both in telling the reader how the reference remembers li fe in the South and in showing the reader what kind of person the author was to have written Wrights story as he did.6)Bibliography1) Harold Bloom, Modern Critical Views Richard Wright, New York, Chelsea House Publishers 19872) Richard Wright, Black Boy A Recollection of puerility And Youth, New York, Harper Perennial Publishers 19453) Hayley Mitchell, Readings on Black Boy, San Diego, Ca, David L. Bender 2000

The Revolution In Physics: Planck, Einstein, And Heisenberg Declare War

The whirling In Physics Planck, Einstein, And Heisenberg Decl are War On Newton The following page focuses on the Revolution in Physics, specifically the scientific works of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, and Werner Heisenberg, all of which took place in the early twentieth century. In this page I leave alone attempt to answer the following incredulity, How did the Revolution in Physics transform the way that humans viewed themselves and nature from 1715 to the present day? To effectively answer this question I will cover three main points. I will start off by briefly describing the scientific beliefs that dominated European hostelry in the years between 1715 and the Revolution in Physics. Next, I am going to explain the epoch making works of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, and Werner Heisenberg that were highly trustworthy for initiating this new era of scientific thinking. Lastly, I will focus in on how humans viewed themselves and nature differently after the Revolution in Physics. The ideas of immaculate physics, which started with Copernicus and ended with Newtons laws on motion and gravity, were widely accepted by European society in the years leading up to the Revolution in Physics. The beliefs of classical physics rested on five cornerstones. The first cornerstone was the existence of inviolate space and the second cornerstone was the existence of absolute time. In the Newtonian system bits of matter moved in absolute space and time(Baumer 460). Of these two cornerstones, space was considered to be more important because it was stable and because every change in the motion of matter indisputably involved a change in space as well. In contrast, change did occur in time, but unlike space, time did not itsel... ...t that the Revolution had on society. I also feel that even though this page is limited in range of a function it does a great deal to answer the overall project question focusing on how humans perception of nature has cha nged from 1715 to the present day. This page does this by directly showing the effects that the Revolution in Physics had on society. Many of these effects can still be readily seen today. Some examples are the decline in societys overall belief in God and peoples fear of science technology, which is apparent in issues such as human cloning and heritable engineering. Work Cited Baumer, Franklin L. Modern European Thought. New York Macmillan, 1977. The American Institute Of Physics, AIP Emilo Segre Visual Archives, httpwww.aip.org/history/esva/index.html Washburn, Phil. Philosophical Dilemmas Building A World view. New York Oxford UP, 1997.

The Jealous and Selfish Characters of Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Jealous and Selfish Char performers of Othello In the play Othello, there are many jealous and selfish shells. from each one of the graphic symbols at one point or another let their jealousy take over. It seems like they all have these plots and plans on how to hurt another character in the play either physically or emotionally, as an act of selfishness, so that they can feel better about themselves. One main character who seems extremely jealous in this play is Iago. Infact, probably the most jealous. Many bad things happen because of Iago. The first bad thing that Iago did, was tell Barbantio (Desdamonas father) that Desdemona has married Othello, the Moore. Iago was emotional at Othello, because Cassio had made Othello a higher position and not Iago. Iago thought that he was the one who qualified for the position as general, not Othello. Iago was jealous because of this, so he decided to tell Barbantio about Desdemona and Othello. This was bad, because Barbantio did not k now yet, and something like that should have been said by his own daughter, not someone who was not social function of the family. The way Iago went about say him was also bad. He called to his house in the middle of the night. He yelled it to Barbantio from downstairs into his window in a bounderish manner. quote from Othello here. He wanted Barbantio to be upset about what had happened, and most of all, he wanted Barbantio to be mad at Othello and do something bad to him. This was an act of selfishness on Iagos side. Iagos main reason for doing all this, was not to inform Barbantio, but to make everyone dislike Othello so that he could become general. Roderigo also helped out with telling Barbantio about Othello and Desdamonas eloping. The reason Roderigo did this, was not to let Barbantio know for his purposes, but merely for his own selfish reasons. Just as Iago did. Roderigo was in love with Desdemona and wanted to unite her. When he found out that Othello had already marr ied her, he wanted to get rid of him so that he would still have a find with her. I think that Roderigo may have known that he did not have a chance with Desdemona and that she really did love Othello, and that made him very jealous. He did not like Othello because of this, and thats why he wanted to destroy his reputation.

The Jealous and Selfish Characters of Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Jealous and Selfish Char transactioners of Othello In the play Othello, there are many jealous and selfish portions. for each one of the consultations at one point or another let their jealousy take over. It seems like they all have these plots and plans on how to hurt another character in the play either physically or emotionally, as an act of selfishness, so that they can feel better about themselves. One main character who seems extremely jealous in this play is Iago. Infact, probably the most jealous. Many bad things happen because of Iago. The first bad thing that Iago did, was tell Barbantio (Desdamonas father) that Desdemona has married Othello, the Moore. Iago was frenzied at Othello, because Cassio had made Othello a higher position and not Iago. Iago thought that he was the one who qualified for the position as general, not Othello. Iago was jealous because of this, so he decided to tell Barbantio about Desdemona and Othello. This was bad, because Barbantio did not know yet, and something like that should have been said by his own daughter, not someone who was not contribution of the family. The way Iago went about tell him was also bad. He called to his house in the middle of the night. He yelled it to Barbantio from downstairs into his window in a naive manner. quote from Othello here. He wanted Barbantio to be upset about what had happened, and most of all, he wanted Barbantio to be mad at Othello and do something bad to him. This was an act of selfishness on Iagos side. Iagos main reason for doing all this, was not to inform Barbantio, but to make everyone dislike Othello so that he could become general. Roderigo also helped out with telling Barbantio about Othello and Desdamonas eloping. The reason Roderigo did this, was not to let Barbantio know for his purposes, but merely for his own selfish reasons. Just as Iago did. Roderigo was in love with Desdemona and wanted to marry her. When he found out that Othello had already married h er, he wanted to get rid of him so that he would still have a portion with her. I think that Roderigo may have known that he did not have a chance with Desdemona and that she really did love Othello, and that made him very jealous. He did not like Othello because of this, and thats why he wanted to destroy his reputation.

Marketing Research â€Bottled Drinks

The age of bottled drinks has evidently taken the place of the usual canned drinks which close to consumer purchase today. The more common contents are green tea and soda drinks, each vying for their own core of market share in their category. darn they are also competing for product acceptance, pricing strategies and advertising and promotions, it all boils down the manner to which they are being made available in the market.Usually, these goods are readily available in the supermarkets and public convenience stores for purchase as its primary channel of distribution and leaning on the snack counters and food establishments as their substitute means of distribution to their target markets. Direct selling or retail distribution is also evident but these can be connected with the secondary bring as well, since they are expected to be in line with small scale stores or food establishments as well.As it is, ensuring that they strengthen their ties with the primary distributors, su permarkets and convenience stores is the best way to rely on as far as product identity and awareness is concerned. Being categorized in the beverage line, large number are sure to look for such an item on their next visit to the grocery.Even if a company is successful in endorsing the products through commercials or other mediums of advertising, the fact remains that what a person does not see cannot be identified. While such a resort of aggressively penetrating the secondary channels is a good strategy, it is better to initially saturate the market and ensure that all target market areas have been covered first in advance going down the secondary channel levels, which will in fact make purchases of the good from the primary channels, a prime source of their other heritable

Organizational Behavior-Syllabus Essay

I. Course InformationIntelligence and technical knowledge pass on only experience you so far in your work and private lives. My goal is to introduce you to expression in organization (and of organizations) in a way that stresses you personal behavioral skill development. In other words, the course should help you assess your strengths and weaknesses and will stress how you drop enhance and improve your management skills. To that end, the course stresses a blend in of appraisal tests for each chapter to give you a personal point of departure for learning and skill development, along with basic theory and cases and role plays to scrutinyine examples of situations and skills that we ar studying. This is a hands-on course. I expect students to come to class prepared to learn and to put downCourse Objectives1) To provide students with knowledge and understanding of the basic principles of organizational behavior (i.e. human behavior in organizations).2) The course includes both t heoretical and practical aspects of OB and is designed to offer introductory knowledge, skills, and perspectives in OB that can be useful for students professional and academic careers.II. Course development OutcomesOn completion of this course, students should be able to1 Understand the basic principles of organizational behavior (i.e. human behavior in organizations). 2 Be equipped with introductory knowledge, skills, and perspectives in OB that can be useful for students professional and academic careers. training and Learning Activities1. Lecture 2. In class exercises, sm either conclave discussion 3. Team Presentations 4. Final ExamIII. AssessmentIn addition to attendance and use in classroom discussion, all items discussed in class including all materials assigned as Required reading may be used to assess students appear in the class. The methods of assessment include the followingPersonal JournalA skills-based OB course centers upon assisting you to assess your strengths and weaknesses, developing a learning plan to slump these and regular reflection more or less how you can apply the skills and concepts learned outside the classroom. Keeping a journal is the best way to facilitate this. To ensure you go about off to a timely start, I shall ask for some specific assignments that constitute part of the journal to be handed in for credit. Examples include the self- assessment of strengths and weaknesses based upon the online assessment (class 2), and other individual exercises in the textbook. You can fulfill the first assignment online at http//www.passovoy.com/assessment/sal/quick.html. You are necessitate to complete a minimum of 8 assessments. In some cases, you will be surprised by what you learn about yourself both positive and negative. Each student is required to write a maximum two-page single-spaced typed write-up regarding what you learned about yourself.Final ExamA written in-class exam will be given on May 14, 2012. The format of the exam is a combination of multiple-choice and/true-false questions, and are based on lecture and text materials. Many questions are use and require you to analyze and synthesize OB concepts. Please prepare early for the exams and come to class with any questions or concerns you may have prior to the exam date. Do not feel uncomfortable asking questions. Other students will also benefit from the discussion.Top Five Take-AwaysThis assignment provides a final fortune for you to synthesize and share your learning with the class. Reflect on your learning in this class and write up a list of your Top Five Take-Aways from the course. beg off why you chose each concept, how you have utilized it in your own life, and how you think it will help you in your future role as a leader. in that respect is no set length of the paper. That depends on your learning. You are required to turn in a hard copy. Single-spacing, please. Obviously you will not be grade on whether your choice of a learning point is valid or not. Your learning is your learning. Your grade will be based on how well you rationalize that concepts application to your life. Your presentation in class will be fairly informal. Each member of the class will have about a minute or so to share a point or two about your most important learning from the course. It is simply an fortune to reflect on your learning with your peers. Sometimes hearing what is important to other people can also contribute to your own learning.Group ProjectLearning to work effectively in groups is a critical work skill. On day one, you will be asked to form groups (final membership to be handed into me by the third meeting. With your group, you will have two assignments. The first is to develop a squad learning notebook, recording team responses to case discussion questions throughout the semester. The team learning notebook will be collected during the mid-point of the course (6th week), as well as the end of the course (12th week) . The second assignment is to conduct a 20 minutes presentation on a topic of your choice related to the topic on the day selected by your group. Further information will be given in class and sign up is on a first-come first serve basis.If any group member expresses displeasure with group process and contributions of others shall used a peer paygrade form. Each individuals contribution will be identified on the peer evaluation form I will provide and that will be confidential (i.e., your group members will not see your evaluation of their participation). All group members should participate equally to obtain full credit for the assignment. For example, if the assignment gain vigors a grade of 8.5 out of 10 and your group gives you 100% participation rate, then you will receive the total 8.5 points. If your group gives you less than 100% participation, your grade will be adjusted accordingly. Evaluation of your peers should help you maintain an appropriate level of participation f rom all of your group members.IV.Course PoliciesAcademic Dishonesty Assignments found to have been plagiarized or an exam in which cheating is found to have occurred will receive a grade of zero.

Discuss the Economic Advantages and Disadvantages to the Uk of Participation in the

Discuss the economic advantages and losss to the UK of participation in the European hit currency (Euro). Will British feares be better or worse off if the orbit decides to participate? Introduction of Euro in the worlds pecuniary union is a milestone. Eleven countries were deviation to create EMU at the beginning, now there is a long queue to glow of money in EMU. most of the EMU members line more advantage then disadvantage to join in Euro. Euro creates a larger-than-life market in the Eurozone. Three core members of EU (Great Britain, Sweden and Denmark) still non participate in European one currency.M all European countries are very excited to join in EU, some of them distinct to implement European enjoin mechanism- 2 (ERM-2). If Britain submit euro then the country poses both advantage and disadvantage. Productivity and living standard leave alone increase if Britain joins in Euro. If they will not join, they have chance to fall further behind. European concreti on European sodality is the union of twenty-seven countries. Most of the members of European totality come to join in EU from European Continent. The origin of European Union associated with foundation of European coal and steel community.Treaties of Rome or Schuman proclamation formed European Economic Commission. Both these bodies are essential parts of European Union. Rome treaty signed in 1957 for creating European Economic residential district (EEC). Belgium, France, Netherlands, Luxemburg, West Germany and Italy are the core six members of EEC. During that period, West Germany and Netherlands built nexus among them by the help of European Steel and Coal confederation. Among the six countries of EEC, they allowed free purport of labour and capital. Free trade besides allowed. They abolished internal tariffs among them and hardened external tariffs.In enlargement stage, UK, Denmark and Ireland become member of EEC. Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in EEC in 1981 and 198 6 respectively. after this enlargement stage, the commission president Jacquas Delors signed single European act. In 1992, the Maastricht treaty signed to establish European Union. According to Sloman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 563) May 2004 attach the latest expansion, with 10 new members joining. These are Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Solvakia and Solvenia. European single currency Euro is the single currency among the countries that include in European Union.Other countries also adopt the single currencies. In 1932, the chairman of German Bank Hans F? rstenberg gave the idea about European currency to set up European fundamental bank. The idea came about euro currency among the countries before Second World War. Idea of European integration became stronger after Second World War. Some sequential incidents carry on after the war. In 1950, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSE) established, Rome treaty signed in 1957 and at t he same(p) time, European Economic Community formed. Rome treaty and Economic Community both made the path for euro to lunch.European fiscal system established for full monetary support in 1979. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 741) Details of the path towards EMU were finalised in the Maastricht treaty, which was signed in February 1992. The timetable for EMU involved adaptation of a single currency by 1999 at the latest. Therefore, Maastricht treaty made the path for euro easier. Before joining the euro currency, sepa accountly country fulfilled five criteria, which set by the European central Bank. The football team members of EU out of fifteen could fulfil the criteria and joined in Euro. Sweden and Greece could not fulfil the criteria.Later 2001, Greece joined in Euro. Euro came in to the market on 1 January of 1999 but the bank note and coin were introduced 2002. National currency of the European countries withdrawn from market due to introduce euro notes and coin . Road to EMU European fiscal Union proposed by Delors committee report. The road to EMU described in three phases. Phase 1 Remove the entire trade barrier in internal market including capital controls among the countries. Enhanced coordination from different countries in the economic and monetary indemnity. Phase 2 European Monetary Institute (EMI) established.EMI monitored macroeconomic converging of members according to Maastricht treaty. In that stage, commission prepared logistic and organisation frame contrive for ECB. Phase 3 In that stage, Union fixed the supplant valuate, euro introduced as a single currency. European Monetary Institute replaced by establishment of European Central Bank. Advantage of whiz Currency Several advantages deserves, if one country join in to the single currency such as eliminating transaction cost, avoid exchange rate uncertainty, increase transparency of price, increase credibility of monetary union. tout ensemble the member of European Uni on gets equal opportunity and benefits. The countries get benefit in the case of converting currencies. Every European Countries have separate currency. When anyone converting the currency of any European country in to an other(a) European countrys currency then the converting cost added each time. If we used single currency, we backside intimately disparage the converting cost. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 742) the European commission estimated that the effect was to increase the GDP of the countries concerned by an average of only 0. 4 percent.United raise of America whose have 51 states with one single currency. They get benefit of single currency in their market. Euro currency gives the chance to European country to cast a large single market. Pricing difference change magnitude in market if we cannot use single currency. Pricing depends on rate of currencies. Therefore, we get same product in different price due to different rate of different currencies. Si ngle currency increased the transparency of product price. Invest increased in euro zone because there is one single currency available. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 42) investment from the rest of the world is attracted to a euro zone of over 300 zillion inhabitants, where there is no fear of internal currency movements. Travel becomes easier due to euro. There is no hassle in converting currencies. No time waste during locomotion due to single currency which used in everywhere in euro zone. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 743) A single monetary policy convergence in rising prices rates. Provided the ECB succeeds in remaining independent from short-term political manipulation, this is likely to result in a lower average inflation rate in the eurozone countries.Therefore, the single currency helps lower inflation rate in eurozone. Abolish the market barrier is another advantage in eurozone. Abolishment of trade barrier helps to maximise addition and in crease market size of it. In eurozone, there is no market barrier among the members and they can easily market their product in eurozone. Disadvantage of Single Currency The European Union brings lot of advantage to members. Some are argue that it also brings some disadvantages. When euro introduce, EMU members have to invest huge amount of money to change payroll, pricelist, database, software and so on.It is an investment cost, which arises due to lunch euro. Previous coins and banks note removed from the market, cost of previous coins and notes also include in investment cost. Some of the countries change their trade patters due to introduce euro. If the country accepted euro as a single currency then the country cannot accept separate national monetary policy. Only European Central Bank can conduct monetary policy in Europe. Most of the people claim seriously the issue that we lose our independence in policy making. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 43) Another probl em for members of a single currency occurs in adjusting to a disaster when that shock affects members to different degrees. These are known as asymmetric shocks. In case of asymmetric shocks no European countries have no right to use national monetary policy survey, they should try to find out another option for fighting against asymmetric shocks. Single currency also effect in countrys independency. Local government faced problem when they lose the independency. Single currency increased the lost of human capital, because capital moved freely in eurozone.Skilled worked and specialist will try to look for better jobs and wages in other countries. It means that skilled full worked migrate to atomic number 99 to west to take advantages of higher benefits and wages. Economic advantages for UK to participate in the single currency It is become a big issue whether Britain join or not join in Euro. Every decision has some advantage and disadvantage. Joining Britain in single currency h as some economic advantage and disadvantage. Countrys people and government of Britain are collecting information to make their mind about entry in to the single currency zone.Increase income & living of model In 1956, France and Germany had overtaken of Britain position in living of standard, because France and Germany decided to join European common market. Then in 1973, Britain joined in ECM and stopped their declining situation. European countries are making a united market by the help of single currency. These single currencies help European countries to increase their income and living of standard. If Britain not joins, they fall behind. Problems in Exchange rate before lunching euro, Germany faced exchange rate risk if they sold their products in Britain, Italy or any European countries.After lunching euro, they have no risk because they (European countries) used euro as a single currency but Britain still have the same risk. Eliminating exchange rate fluctuations and increa se the price transparency then we can reduce the investment risk- and the total process required a single currency. Therefore, by the help of euro, Britain can easily reduce the investment risk. Large single market we can easily make a large single market in Europe. This large single market arise more competition and increase trade. All European counties got the benefits of single market so why not Britain?Britain medium size country, which is dependent on international trade so, separate currency become a disadvantage for Britain even they cannot neglect the exchange rate like as US. In single market, producers are going to reach more customers simultaneously customers can easily get the product from wide range of suppliers. Economic disadvantage of UK participating in the single currency UK still not participates in Euro due to same obstacles. Government of UK takes their time to analyse and understanding their position.UK takes several problems with striking concern. Same rice beer rate In the eurozone, every country has some interest rate, which selected by the European central bank. Britain thinks that European central bank set their interest for whole Europe not for Britain. However, Britain thinks that, one interest rate is not suitable for different countries for every times- it means that one size does not fit all. Britain will cut down their interest rate if they faced in minus shock (asymmetric shock). Britain can easily cut down their interest rate because hey still not participate in euro and they have own independent budgetary policy. This budgetary policy can easily used to minimize the shock and stabilize the economy. According to Sloman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 745) in the UK, a large proportion of borrowings is at variables interest rates. In Germany, by contrast, much is at fixed rates. thence if the ECB were to raise interest rates, the deflationary effects would be felt disproportionately in the UK. So, it is true that, the interest rat e which is select for eurozone creates different impacts on each country.Unemployment rate different unemployment rate going through among European countries. Over 8% unemployment rate in France, Germany, Italy. Where as Austria, Ireland, Sweden have only 4% unemployment rate but Britain have below 4%. Increasing the unemployment rate in eurozone is not mistake of European Union. This mistake creates by different national policy among different countries. Minimum wage rate is high in UK than any other countries of Eurozone, so skilled full manpower come here to work and UK faces unemployment problems.Britain think joining euro is like that joins in exchange rate mechanism. They think, ERM was fixed exchange rate system in Europe. This mechanism helps us in exchange our currency not more than that. In case of British Business The positive effect and negative effect of Euro may be different from country to country. It is very tough for us to identify all of the effect. In the Eurozone , each country has different financial system and euro make some positive and negative effect on their business. In the below, we describe about UKs business condition if they join in euro.Positive Side Giant euro firm will create with substantial economic power due to free movements of capital. Many European company is merger recently. British business can easily get benefits to join euro and merge with other company in European continent to maximize profit. If UK joins in Euro, the inward investment will increase. According to Sloman and Sutclifffe (2004, p. 742) from 1990 to 1999, the UKs shell out of inward investment to the EU was nearly 40 percent. From 1999 to 2002, it was 24 percent. So, inward investment diverted to eurozone from UK.Britain thinks that if they join in euro, then European Union passed law which affecting Britain. Then, they have no power of influence over European countries. Britain ideas is totally wrong because Britain still not participate in Euro and Eu ropean Union gives no more emphasize (showed any honour) on Britain. It is better for Britain that joins in euro and influence European Union as well as out-of-door Europe. Britain can easily organise regular meeting among European countries and represent the European central bank. This way, help Britain to influence over European business cycle. cast out Side Most serious issue is that, the British currency continues to fluctuate against the Euro. It is real disadvantage for business. Suppose a firm produces machine in Britain and sells them in France. Company pay wages in pounds, the goods become expansive to the consumer among eurozone if the pounds become expansive. Therefore, the firm cannot sells as much as they expected, even they accepts a lower profit margin. The firm go to bankrupt situation due to firms profit fall. It is a example of business risk. Separate currency increase the business risk for any company.Most of the company faced this type of business risk because B ritain still not participates in single currency. British businesses are going to worse situation due to absence of single currency. capital of the United Kingdom city is the largest financial centre. More people worked in London in financial operate than Frankfurt, Europes next largest centre. We know that finance is a footloose industry and London is a city of mergers and acquisition, or foreign exchange trading. London city enjoys a success cycle by self-reinforcing. The cycle of the success will be broken due to absence from the Euro.Conclusion European Union tries to establish a eurozone. Many European countries showed interest to join in EU but we cannot still predict how benefit it for member of EU. Britain still not participate in Eurozone, it is true single currency can boosted the economy but in Britain value of pound still strong against dollar and other currencies of the world. Higher value of pound is an advantage of Britain to attract a lot of foreign investor. Some e conomist suggested that Britain should join in Euro due to falling rate of pounds but euro cannot make any advantage of UK economy.Same monetary policy applied in eurozone which create more controversy. It is true that a single monetary policy is inappropriate to deal with asymmetric shocks. To join euro means loss of independency in policy making another way we can introduce that loss sovereignty of a country. References Sloman J & Sutcliffe M (2004). Economics for Business, 3rd edn, NJ Pearson Education McAleese D (1997). Economics for Business, Harlow Prentice Hall http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Euro http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/European_union http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pounds http//www. google. co. uk/

Cooperative Learning for Positive Interdependence

The Effectiveness of using Cooperative scholarship in Enhancing interpret development for English for chat II students in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Chapter 2 Literature Review 1. John Myers (Cooperative Learning Vol 11 4 July 1991) points out that the dictionary definitions of collaboration, derived from its Latin root, focus on the lick of recreates unitedly the root word for cooperation stresses the product of such work. 2.According to Ted Panitz (1996), he summarize from Johnson, Johnson & Smith (1991) the six principles of their definition of a new double of teaching and define cooperation is a structure that was designed to help and guide the specific of product or aims through people that working together in a host. 3. According to Skinners, et. al (2001), co-op schooling is also unrivalled of approach under The Communicative Approach where it involves a group of learners been instructed by one teacher when they be working together to complete the assign instead of competitively working on it. . Weidner (2003,p. 29) landed estates that cooperative learning is a special variance of group teaching which accentuates and structures social processes in learning and makes them a subject of give-and-take. 5. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of downhearted groups os that students work together to maximize their own and others learning (Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1998,p. 15) 6. Robert Slavin (1987), suggested that cooperative learning occurs when instructional methods en commensurate students to work and learn in sm every(prenominal) heterogeneous aptitude groups.When this happens, cooperative learning is able to lead students into the social power of learning (Zemelman, Baniel & Hyde, 1993) 7. Roger T. and David W. Johnson (1994), says that even though these three interaction patterns are not equally impelling in helping students learn concepts and skills, it is important that students learn to interact effectively in each of these ways. Students will face situations in which all three interaction patterns are operating and they will need to be able to be effective in each.They also should be able to remove the appropriate interaction pattern suited to the situation. An interpersonal, competitive situation is characterized by negative goal interdependence where, when one person wins, the others lose. 8. Borchmann & Kirchmann (2006), found that there 5 basic elements in cooperative learning which is interpersonal and small group skills, face to face interaction, individual and group accountability, positive interdependence and group processing. 9. Cowie and Rudduck, (1988, p. 0), state that cooperative learning offers a view of learning which is socially ground. 10. Artzt and Newman(1990), define that cooperative learning is an activity involving a small group of learning who work together as a team to complete a task or accomplish a common goal. 11. Davidson (1990) says that cooperative learning is a task of group discussion and resolution (if possible) requiring face to face interaction, an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual helpfulness and individual accountability. 12.Spencer, Kegan (1990), provided as definition of collaborative learning by spirit at widely distributed structures which can be applied to any situation. He defines collaborative learning as the structured approach to collaborative learning which is based on the creation, lineation and systematic application of structures or content- free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. 13. Goodsell, Maher and Tinto (1992) describe cooperative learning as a working in groups of two or more mutually searching for understanding, solutions or heart and souls or creating a product. 4. ODonnell (2002) is that this cooperative method enhances social interaction that is important for learning because higher mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension and critical thinking, originate in social in teractions and are then internalized by individuals. 15. From collins Online Dictionary tenth Edition, meter reading material comprehension is a text that students use to help them improve their reading skills by reading and answering questions relating to the text. Sometimes, used as a riddle or examination of reading skills.A reading comprehension can be in the students own or another language. 16. According to Snow, Catherine E (2002), in her theme entitled Reading For Understanding Towards an R&D Program in Reading Comprehension, defines reading comprehension as the process simultaneously extracting and constructing sum through interaction and involvement with written language. 17. Aarnoutse, Van den Bos,&. Brand-Gruwel, 1998 Jenkins et al. , (2003), believe that vocabulary knowledge, fluency, word recognition, and listening comprehension are necessary skills for reading comprehension. 18. s a process that requires how to trace through the development of an extensive reper toire of sight words, learning the meanings of vocabulary words encountered in the texts, and learning how to hornswoggle meaning from text. It represents how well contributors understand literal comprehension which concentrates on explicit meaning and inferential comprehension which concentrates on implicit meaning in the reading text. 19. Pressley (2000), states that the development of comprehension skills is a long term developmental process which depends on language and text experiences from early stage of life.Learning how to decode and learning how to abstract the meanings of vocabulary words are commonly encountered in texts. 20. Tahir, (1988, p. 24), Reading comprehension involves visual mechanical skills of recognition, remembering of meaning of words, integrating grammatical and semantic clues and relating to the readers own general knowledge and the knowledge of the subject being read. 21. Daniel E. Himes (2007), in his article entitled How to Improve Reading Comprehen sion, he supports that cooperative learning is one of the method to improve reading comprehension. 2. Erly Wahyuni (2006) in his journal article entitled The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Technique in Increasing the Students Comprehension of Literary Texts said that the learners responses to the cooperative learning in literary text was good and interesting as they were able to discuss the literary text together. 23. Kassim Shaaban (2007,) from his article An Initial Study of the Effects of Cooperative Learning on Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary Acquisition, and Motivation to Read that cooperative learning improves learners motif to read.Cooperative Learning for Positive InterdependenceThe Effectiveness of using Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Reading Comprehension for English for Communication II students in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Chapter 2 Literature Review 1. John Myers (Cooperative Learning Vol 11 4 July 1991) points out that the dictionary definitions of collab oration, derived from its Latin root, focus on the process of working together the root word for cooperation stresses the product of such work. 2.According to Ted Panitz (1996), he summarize from Johnson, Johnson & Smith (1991) the six principles of their definition of a new paradigm of teaching and define cooperation is a structure that was designed to help and guide the specific of product or aims through people that working together in a group. 3. According to Skinners, et. al (2001), cooperative learning is also one of approach under The Communicative Approach where it involves a group of learners been instructed by one teacher when they are working together to complete the task instead of competitively working on it. . Weidner (2003,p. 29) states that cooperative learning is a special form of group teaching which accentuates and structures social processes in learning and makes them a subject of discussion. 5. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups os th at students work together to maximize their own and others learning (Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1998,p. 15) 6. Robert Slavin (1987), suggested that cooperative learning occurs when instructional methods enable students to work and learn in small heterogeneous ability groups.When this happens, cooperative learning is able to lead students into the social power of learning (Zemelman, Baniel & Hyde, 1993) 7. Roger T. and David W. Johnson (1994), says that even though these three interaction patterns are not equally effective in helping students learn concepts and skills, it is important that students learn to interact effectively in each of these ways. Students will face situations in which all three interaction patterns are operating and they will need to be able to be effective in each.They also should be able to select the appropriate interaction pattern suited to the situation. An interpersonal, competitive situation is characterized by negative goal interdependence where, when o ne person wins, the others lose. 8. Borchmann & Kirchmann (2006), found that there 5 basic elements in cooperative learning which is interpersonal and small group skills, face to face interaction, individual and group accountability, positive interdependence and group processing. 9. Cowie and Rudduck, (1988, p. 0), state that cooperative learning offers a view of learning which is socially based. 10. Artzt and Newman(1990), define that cooperative learning is an activity involving a small group of learning who work together as a team to complete a task or accomplish a common goal. 11. Davidson (1990) says that cooperative learning is a task of group discussion and resolution (if possible) requiring face to face interaction, an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual helpfulness and individual accountability. 12.Spencer, Kegan (1990), provided as definition of collaborative learning by looking at general structures which can be applied to any situation. He defines collaborative learning as the structured approach to collaborative learning which is based on the creation, analysis and systematic application of structures or content- free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. 13. Goodsell, Maher and Tinto (1992) describe cooperative learning as a working in groups of two or more mutually searching for understanding, solutions or meanings or creating a product. 4. ODonnell (2002) is that this cooperative method enhances social interaction that is important for learning because higher mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension and critical thinking, originate in social interactions and are then internalized by individuals. 15. From Collins Online Dictionary 10th Edition, reading comprehension is a text that students use to help them improve their reading skills by reading and answering questions relating to the text. Sometimes, used as a test or examination of reading skills.A reading comprehension can be in the students own or another languag e. 16. According to Snow, Catherine E (2002), in her report entitled Reading For Understanding Towards an R&D Program in Reading Comprehension, defines reading comprehension as the process simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with written language. 17. Aarnoutse, Van den Bos,&. Brand-Gruwel, 1998 Jenkins et al. , (2003), believe that vocabulary knowledge, fluency, word recognition, and listening comprehension are necessary skills for reading comprehension. 18. s a process that requires how to decode through the development of an extensive repertoire of sight words, learning the meanings of vocabulary words encountered in the texts, and learning how to abstract meaning from text. It represents how well readers understand literal comprehension which concentrates on explicit meaning and inferential comprehension which concentrates on implicit meaning in the reading text. 19. Pressley (2000), states that the development of comprehension skills is a long term developmental process which depends on language and text experiences from early stage of life.Learning how to decode and learning how to abstract the meanings of vocabulary words are commonly encountered in texts. 20. Tahir, (1988, p. 24), Reading comprehension involves visual mechanical skills of recognition, remembering of meaning of words, integrating grammatical and semantic clues and relating to the readers own general knowledge and the knowledge of the subject being read. 21. Daniel E. Himes (2007), in his article entitled How to Improve Reading Comprehension, he supports that cooperative learning is one of the method to improve reading comprehension. 2. Erly Wahyuni (2006) in his journal article entitled The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Technique in Increasing the Students Comprehension of Literary Texts said that the learners responses to the cooperative learning in literary text was good and interesting as they were able to discuss the literar y text together. 23. Kassim Shaaban (2007,) from his article An Initial Study of the Effects of Cooperative Learning on Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary Acquisition, and Motivation to Read that cooperative learning improves learners motivation to read.

Mr. Mallard’s Story of an Hour Essay

Experimental procedures where destined to be made more or less the emotion filled story, The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin. The story details Mrs. m t emerge ensembleards situation or so how she feels about her husband and the result when she finds that he is not executed. Kate Chopin does a great job telling the reader Mrs. Mallards feelings, but not at all tells the reader about Mr. Mallards exhibit of view. I will be creating a point of view for Mr. Mallard to try and trounce a better understanding of what could have been the situation between the two.Since the very(prenominal) day I laid eyeball on her, I knew she was the one for me. Her beautiful smile and her ecstatic personality made me come to realize that, I had to claim what was spiritually mine. Her name was Louis, a creative and ambitious young woman. All throughout my days of monitoring her every motion, I gained the courage to grow out of my shy state, and make my speak to towards her. So from that point on we started engaging in conversation and growing closer to each other day after day. It seemed as if time had flown by faster than it had ever done before in my heart.It came to the point that I loved this woman so much all of my hard earned silver I made from my small job down at the local grocery store in town, I took it upon myself to buy a wedding ring. So then I asked her for her hand in marriage, and ever so joyously she replied with such excitement in her voice, yes Immediately, tears started rolling down my face and all of my best memories were erased, in storing the special memory that took place that very day. We had a simple but elegant wedding ceremony in the local chapel service that she and I were both attending previously. Mr. and Mrs. Mallard, I now pronounce you husband and wife.The moment I heard those very words, is when I knew I had accomplished my life goal at being adroit. She had gone all around town screaming to her family that she is married now and that she will forever be happy for as long as she lives. I took it that we would always be united as one, and that nothing could ever come between the love we both shared. Several old age went past and Louise and I seemed to be doing very well in our marriage. I had given her all of me and it seemed that she had given me all of her as well, but I would get an internal feeling that she was not happy in our marriage.Adding up reasons of why she may be unhappy with how things were going, it just did not seem to add up. It had dawned upon me that possibly she did not want to be with me anymore. Personality wise, she had become the total opposite. Before we got married she was kind, passionate, and had a smile that was golden then she started to grow silent and close towards me and others around her. For a while I burdend myself for reasons that seemed to be undeserving, and thought that I mis acted her in some unknown way.Unfortunately, Louise was found to have a very bad heart problem and often times she would blame me for her misfortune. As a caring man I would just accept the blame and try to do anything possible to try to make her forget about the condition and live her life fully. My plan always appeared to not succeed and I grew tired of the mistreatment that I clearly did not deserve. I took matters into my own hands and came up with a plan that would determine just how much she felt about me. I came across the daily paper and read about a local railroad disaster that left a number of people dead and injured.My good friend Richards was the side kick in the situation, I had him tell Louises sister, Josephine, that my name was on the last list and that she should tell Louise immediately. After receiving placard that my plan was fulfilled, I began to observe Louises reactions towards the situation. I hid in the main bedroom closet in a secret passage way that I created for emergency situations years ago. I heard Louise come in crying and sobbing about the news, I became excited that she was crying over my so exclaimed death and I felt that she did serene love me very much.Hours went past and I became comfortable with the results that I got in my little experiment, but little did I know, Louise became happy with my death and stated that she was emancipate numerous times to herself really loud and joyously. Very confused I asked myself how she switched feelings so quickly and how could she be happy about the situation. She would talk to herself very in-depth about how her life is now that she is independent and fantasizing about all of the days and years to herself that she wanted for so long. I felt so crushed inside because I had given her any and everything that she could possibly want.I took care of her when she was sick, made all of her wishes come true, and took it upon myself to do anything to make her smile. Why she would treat me this way, I asked myself over and over until I became fed up with it. When Louise went to the bathroo m I snuck over to Richardss house and told him what all I found out about and wanted to give her the news that I was not dead. Richards and I walked over back to the house to tell Louise that I was mistakenly put on the death list, and that I was indeed very much alive.I waited outside and let Richards go in the house first to make the plan free of suspicion and got ready to make my approach inside. Boom Boom My heart was beating very loudly as I was nervous to go inside. I opened the door and Josephine is first to see me she screams very loudly in shock of my appearance. Richards tries very hard to prevent Louise from seeing me, but was too posthumous in the action. Louise dropped to the floor immediately and had no sign of life in her. I ran to her to see if she was ok holding her very tight, screaming for someone to call the doctor.The doctor arrived within twenty minutes, after only observing her for five minutes he pronounced her dead due to a heart attack. separate ran down my face as if someone had poured a bucket of water on my head. I began to feel guilty for her death thinking maybe she would still be alive if I had never made that stupid plan in the first place. Thought maybe if I had known how she really felt, I would have just let her be free from me and live her life happily instead of me standing in her way. I learned a very important lesson that day things in life should not be taken for granted no matter how much you want it to go your way.

Computer Development from 1970-1990

Alienation. Com gravelerization. Employment. Mass-production. These are some of the words associated with the introduction of estimators into the construct environment, mainly beginning on a openhanded casing basis in 1970 and continuing on to the present day and beyond. Between the 1970s and 1990s, the work environment was imp spoted significantly. This initial development of calculators for use in industry and wrinkle played an important role in the development of logical argumentes. New jobs have been spend a pennyd to deal with information processing systems.Mundane, repetitive jobs have been taken over by estimators. The computer has even been introduced to the wariness level of military fancyes to help integrityself in decision making. All around the office, computers have become vernacular step forward (Spencer 107). But what were these industries like so integrityr computers came to their assistance? Obviously, commerce functioned prior to the introduction o f computers. However, employees were required to bring about many tasks that automation eventually define easier.These tasks have predominantly consisted of clerical effects, much(prenominal) as check offseting, payroll, inventory control, bookkeeping, etc. However, automation lso included other tasks at the industrial and management level such as headache planning, marketing reports and gross sales reports. Most of these tasks were performed use pencil and paper, or in some cases, the graphic symbolwriter, and every record or other document was stored by means of some register method such as filing cabinets or book shelves.Other tasks, such as those involving the manipulation of machinery were done by hand. If a machine had to be assembled, it was assembled using mostly-human assembly lines. Machines were not around to assist in handling substances substance manipulation and ata reception from chemicals was in any case dealt with by hand ( hindquarters and Stern 238). In essence, many tasks that were dealt with by hand were either repetitive, dangerous, or some(prenominal). As one might speculate, problems then arose from the methods of handling these tasks.Every task was subject to some type of human error, whether it was a mistake in adding, a misspelling of a name or organization, the improper filing of a certain document, etc. At times, employees were simply not able to process the volume of entropy coming into their workplaces. This caused companies to get behind in their operations nd records, which in turn yielded a loss in revenue. Many companies fell behind in this way because of the manual systems inability to accommodate for the growth of the industry.In turn, this bear upon the management departments of creasees, which relied upon up-to-date information from their employees in order for them to make decisions on time (239). Also, workers accidentally injured themselves in some of the dangerous work environments involving machinery a nd vaporific chemicals, because many of the employees were required to work very near to machinery or toxic chemicals, and were ot given much protection from the hazards created by the noxious vapors rising from chemicals or malfunctions in machinery.An answer to these problems motiveed to be Perhaps that answer lied in computers. They bidd the solutions businesses and industries needed to handle repetitive and dangerous jobs. Computers were able to assist clerks in their operations. Injuries could be reduced that were caused by accidents with chemicals or machinery (237). These solutions impacted the employment aspect of industry by making jobs become safer and less repetitive. Employees began to be hired to erform distinguishable tasks as a result of the change in the tasks to be performed (de Ferranti 70).Employees began to become touch on with computers in business in order to satisfy several objectives. Systems were installed for employees to assist in the reduction of rec ord-keeping by automating most of the functions performed by the clerks. Files were automatically inserted in their proper order, and could be recovered from the computers computer storage and reviewed almost instantaneously. Also, inputting the information into the computer and allowing it to perform certain operations such as adding and sorting esulted in the reduction of errors in record-keeping operations.Computers also aided the management of a society by providing managers or executives with up-to-date information used for decision making (Stern and Stern 237). Computers provided employees with a way to much quickly and accu stridely process big volumes of business selective information, thus universe beneficial to the ac bon ton as a whole by allowing them to operate more(prenominal) The types of business info that many of these employees had to process include all the information received by a company.When these data are processed, their information s outputted, and is needed by the managers of the business. The managers, using these data, then establish, evaluate, and do the goals of the business, develop plans and standards and initiate the actions needed to accomplish them, and measure the actual performance of the company and take appropriate action when it is needed to improve the companys performance. All of these tasks are inborn to the function of any business, and the business data from them was processed using a number of steps (Dorf 135-136).First, the data must be separated into their appropriate classification. Second, the data must be sorted into a pre-arranged sequence designated by the manager or some other employee involved in the sorting process. Third, any mathematical operations that must be performed on the data are carried out. Finally, the data is summarized for use in reports. After the data has been summarized, it is stored for proximo use or retrieved. Sometimes the data need to be duplicated for documents or commu nicated to an employee (136).These employees needed to process many different types of these data. Some of these types included account reception, which involved the bear upon of records nvolving the reception money owed to the company by others account payment, which handled the processing of the money that the company owed to others payroll, which dealt with the records of employees to be paid, the pay rates of the employees, the hours that the employees worked, etc. inventory control, which encompassed the memory of records of goods on hand, the quantities of the items to be ordered by the company, and the records of the items that the company had currently run out of in stock and marketing and sales, which determined from sales statistics the shell gang of products to sell or a maximum profit for the company. It was important that from each one of these types was properly processed, and the computer allowed employees to more easily process this wide variety of data that was generated (Stern and Stern 238).Because employees were more easily able to command the business data they received, the automation of these processes in the office allowed for greater energy. Clerks were no longer obligated to commit documents using filing cabinets or shelves. Instead, they recorded and stored the information inside of the memory of a computer. Also, clerks could use word processing systems to minimize the need to retype erroneous pages, create standardized letter heads, and maintain letters in files containing text, providing a tremendous favour over the use of the typewriter, which did not allow for any of these options.Sometimes letter heads did not even need to be printed primitive office e-mail developed in the 1970s allowed for the quicker transmission of information to branch offices without the court of postage or postal services and was also faster. Sending information to companies through the postal system took days while the ransmission of data with e-mail took spotless seconds or minutes. By giving branch offices information more quickly, businesses enabled themselves to increase their production, because they did not need to wait to receive information or reports from other offices or departments that was being sent through the mail (251-253).This increase in production that resulted from the computer allowed for a big step in the direction of maximum cleverness for a businesses. The great efficiency potential of computers shone the brightest when their rapid fixture was used to perform repetitious tasks handling these large amounts of data (Dorf 137). Handling large amounts of data allowed companies to burst interact with one another, because they allowed companies to get more recent information on the production and financial well-being of their competitors.The estimated increase in the amount of business transactions between companies and people per year during the 1970s was 8 to 15 percent. The mass of data transmitt ed through lines was growing by a rate of 25 percent. Because the mass of data received by companies was growing, it was necessary to use computers to capitalize on Partly contributing to the increase in data was the improvements made in the ediums in which data was transmitted.As well as needing accurate and up-to-date information, business managements needed information that was also easier to read and comprehend. In order for information to be reviewed more efficiently and more comprehensively, graphics systems were developed to improve the readability of the information. The development of graphics in business data began in the early 1970s with text-drawn images of bar graphs and simple charts. The computer was lend oneselfd to create these graphs because it could prepare them quickly by immediately calling upon the data within its memory.Later, in writing(p) input/output devices were developed to display and manipulate this data directly to some type of screen. The graphical i nformation display monitor lizard was (and still remains) the most effective method of presenting information to users. Clear and understandable information, as well as fast, accurate, and up-to-date information, is essential for the success of the management in The introduction of computers into the management environment naturally changed it as well.The managers of businesses altered their techniques in order to accommodate for the changes in industry and business brought on by the computer and apitalize on the benefits. These techniques changed in several ways. For instance, executives were put into closer contact with the activities that they controlled. This was because the computer enabled them to access facts from databases, immediately giving them information on the status of the department they oversaw. In some situations, the computer even allowed executives to give instructions more quickly directly to their subordinates.Also, management was affected in each of its 3 sub levels low, middle, and top. Low management was provided with all the facts essential to the activities of the usiness such as awareness of employee activities, the availability of materials, work flow, and exposit about their field. Middle management was involved with the progress of the work under its control. Top management concerned itself with summarized reports and analyses that were free of the details used by middle management.By being able to process data more quickly and accurately, the computer could be used to send the appropriate information to its corresponding level more quickly, sifting through the facts and details in the business data, and discarding useless information for each level of By being able to manage data on each level more efficiently, the life of the manager was made easier by computers. Computers assisted the manager in several other processes besides error reduction and data handling. The speed at which computers work helped managers deal with time management in business.In reducing the cost for an item so that more items will be bought by the consumer, the production time should also be reduced and the efficiency of computers allowed for businesses to become cost-efficient. Besides being cost efficient where production is concerned, computers also reduce the eed for a clerical workforce. Clerical tasks, which bleeded to be more mundane, could be performed by computers. Clerical employee costs for the business could then be reduced, but this resulted in layoffs and hallucination amongst employees.This rapid, low-cost, low-error business that computers assisted managers in running became the fuel for employees fears about computers (Dorf 136). These fears were one of the problems produced by computers. However, in addition to some of the problems it created, it also revealed new solutions. One problem actually results from the faster rate at which computers process data. Because they process data faster, any mistakes made due to incorrect programming will be much larger since more information will have been processed inin good order. any manager must plan alternatives to their computerized methods just to accommodate for unexpected errors produced by unique data streaming through the computer. At many times, bugs in programs may not be realized until a certain unique type of data is entered and processed, and because of the large mass of data processed by the computer in businesses on a daily basis, it is only a matter of time until these hidden bugs are revealed. Even though their are some negative repercussions to using computers, businesses are made more flexible by computers because they are multi-functional and can be used to perform more than one task.Computers also allow for the constitution of control over manufacturing by allowing the management to more directly observe the function of the business by reviewing the data the computer returns about the status of the business (155-156). These ex amples illustrate how the computers impact cannot only be compulsive, but negative also. In order to capitalize on the positive aspects, an important constituent in effective anagement with computers is detailed planning. Proper planning can allow for the smarter choosing of workers, the right amount of materials, etc.Computers can help planners optimize schedules by choosing the best employees for a type of job from an index. Computerized information storage and retrieval systems are capable of storing vast amounts of data in a centralized data deposit that can be accessed from miles away. This allows access to the data from anywhere, letting business managements stationed in different branches of a company in different locations have access to the uniform data bank s the rest of the company.Because information does not have to physically be transferred from one place to another, planning can take place faster and with greater In addition to being most effective with proper pla nning, computers are used most effectively within a business of any moderate size or larger, and are most successful in business data processing operations possessing one of the following characteristics when the business receives a large volume of data generated from transactions on a regular basis, when an operation is repeated many times in order to make investments in ebugging, development, and improvement worth the financial expenditure to have software updated, when the business has a need for information quickly and when the business has a need for reliable and accurate results. However, the success of computers in a business is more dependent on the effectiveness of the management rather than on the actual computer hardware capabilities.Computers can be a useful tool for managements to control and guide businesses, but they must be used properly and to their fullest capabilities to ensure the success of the business to make them worth the investment. This investment can only be capitalized on when computers are used to their full ability. The gap between computers capabilities and the actual use of those capabilities has been increase since computers became more prominent in businesses in the 1970s and the 1980s. Computers often were used for very simplistic tasks such as simple arithmetic, despite the fact that they possess the capabilities to perform more complex tasks such as controlling manufacturing operations, optimizing the transportation of products, and improving the quality of managerial decisions (144).In many cases, omputers have not reduced the cost of operations in a company, but have rather simply provided better data processing and better service. Basically, a simple precept can be seen in the use of the computer for business tasks if the functions of the computer are used poorly, the company may actually incur financial losses. However, if the functions of the computer are used to their full potential efficiently and effectively, the f inancial return will definitely be positive. (145). Several general businesses have experienced positive financial return as a result of the utilization of computers. One of these businesses is banking.Between 1940 and 1970, the volume of check transactions in banks has increase 1100 percent, which is an unbelievably large mass of data to be processed. Normally, this would be the archetypal work of a bank clerk however, because of the introduction of the computer, this immense volume can be handled with copulation ease by allowing banks to process checks faster and more cost-efficiently because the computer is able to record, compute, and edit the balances of myriads of accounts in seconds by calling upon them in its memory (Spencer 107). When one went to the bank to process a check, his or her checks were utomatically processed then credited to or drawn against the individuals bank accounts in hours or else of days or weeks.This made it possible for large banks to process million s of items per day. Now, the use of computers for the day-to-day processing of customer accounts and checks has become routine (107). Another use for the processing power of computers was in the stock market, where an immense volume of trading occurs daily. This large mass of trading creates an equally large mass of paperwork. In the 1970s, sometimes the trading needed to be halted to allow brokers to catch up with their aperwork. Every broker had to figure every transaction the day before they had to open again for business. Naturally, because they had to act quickly, brokers would also make errors.The introduction of the computer into their domain allowed brokers to process millions of accounts daily and remain in business. Also, bookkeeping errors are always avoided with the computer (provided that the data was inputted correctly by the user), and information was even posted faster (109). Without the assistance of computers, stock transactions would not be able to occur at the r ates they do today. Payrolls in business ere also significantly affected by computers. Computers could generate pay reports to handle the employees of a large corporation. Because payroll involves many functions repetitively, such as earning rates, tax withholdings, net pay, year to date quantities, pay deductions, union dues, etc. it becomes a task very suitable to a computers tendency it eliminates the time-consuming and tedious review of employee files and records (115).Factories and manufacturing industries did not escape the positive and negative influences of the computer either. It was predicted that computers would bring about a quiet revolution in industry. In 1970, it was estimated that 5 percent of the GNP was produced by some means of computing. Despite this figure, many companies did not totally opt for computer systems. Instead, they employed the assistance of agencies called bureaus, for the most part providing for managements who have opted out of computing (de Fer ranti 65-66). Bureaus were companies that specialized in the management of business using the computer.Instead of actually purchasing a computer, the management of a company could employ the services of the bureaus, which would assist them in the anagement of their companies the use of the computers the bureau used. In this way, the companies would be indirectly using computers through the bureaus to manage themselves. It was thought that the bureaus would grow more quickly than the industries they supported as a result of the large profit they received for their services. This was proven true in England, where the amount of computers purchased by 1980 was only 6 times what it had been in 1965, while the bureaus grew by a rate of 30 times. However because bureaus were very sparse in the United States, the number of computers in ndustry spread out partly as a result of them not having to invest in the services of the bureaus.Industries tended to invest in their own computer systems in order provide their management with direct control over the industrys employees and production (66). These industries bought several types of computers in the 1980s, useful for various tasks. One type of machine was the screw System, which was a hardware and software package that was designed to perform one specific task. As the name implies, the user turns a key and the machine operates automatically. The advantage to this ystem is that it may be used without any computer expertise. The disadvantage, a rather obvious problem, is that the machine can be used to perform only one task, the task that it was written to do.The other type of computer was the special-purpose computer, which could be programmed to perform a variety of tasks. The advantage to using this system is that it is versatile and can perform different tasks. However, the drawback is that computer expertise is required to operate and change the tasks of the system (Stern and Stern 262). Another type of computer sy stem was Computer Aided soma (CAD). CAD onsisted of a system that was equipped with CAD software that could be used for the design, development, and testing of any type of equipment. It could also handle fine details in drawing, and makes use of the computers ability to measure to very small units.CAD allowed engineers of systems to do stress analyses, weight analyses, and structural analyses to be mistaken on a model construction that appeared on the computer monitor. In essence, engineers could test somethings design before it was built to determine design flaws and part with on cost (263). With a small variety of computerized systems to use, manufacturing also mployed the computer in its operations. In the 1980s, 20 percent of all computers were being used for manufacturing purposes. Twenty-billion dollars were pass on computers for manufacturing. The ultimate goal of automating the factory was to, as always, maximize efficiency and minimize the need for operator intervention (254). In fact, computers controlled several activities manufacturing.One such activity was called process control, which used computers to process the continuous flow of materials in a system such as in the production of chemicals in a chemical plant or oil in a refinery. The omputers were involved in measuring and regulating the flow of the fluid into the tank, the pressure in the tank, the temperature in the tank, etc. As the system monitored the tank, it would inform the user of problems and sometimes would attempt to fix the problems on its own (254). The reason computers were used in process control was because computers had the ability to operate and take data samples efficiently and for an infinite time period (until the machine eventually broke down years later). Also, while it was throng data, the computer could monitor the levels of material and its attributes all the time to maximize safety.Sometimes process control systems were controlled with feedback mechanisms, whi ch allowed them to evaluate and correct their own efficiency by adjusting their operation to meet certain criteria of efficiency (255). Another type of activity performed by computers in manufacturing was production control, where computers monitored, controlled, and scheduled assembly lines. In this situation, the computer was used to monitor the time exhausted on certain activities at given stations, specify the status of the products and tools needed for them, indicate any faulty equipment, and alert supervisors of timing problems that tend to form ueues at each station.Because computers are inanimate machines, they could be relied upon to supervise an assembly line indefinitely, which was one of the main advantages for using computers along the assembly lines. As well as having infinite patience, computers also could perform a repeated task identically, because the exact movements it was to follow were programmed into it, and unless another operator altered these instructions, it would not part from them. A good example of this uniformity resulting from computer use is in the use of it to monitor and control robots in car manufacturing Computers in manufacturing yielded many benefits to companies, both tangible, and intangible.The tangible benefits included faster processing, greater accuracy, flexibility in design modifications, independent machinery which could be run unchecked for some time, cost reduction, larger output, and an increased uniformity in the products produced because each was produced using the same abstract programmed into the computer which performed the task the same way every time (260-261).The intangible benefits included better quality control, more effective scheduling of shipments, simpler lanning requirements because the machines functioned the same way every time they were run, need for a reduced inventory, and increased job satisfaction, because the workers were free to work in less mundane positions. Workers with tedious or monotonous jobs often had little incentive to work and this therefore impacted production.However, when the computer was introduced, the workers could be put to use in more interesting tasks that did not always require repetitive work. However, some factory managements were striving for the ideal goal of manufacturing to create the automatise factory where computers would handle every step in the manufacturing process (261-262) and would be maintenanced only occasionally by manufacturing supervisors. This goal would certainly increase revenue for the company, however, it would also increase unemployment and poverty throughout the country, so it would be a very unrealistic possibility that factories will ever become fully automated.The use of computers in business and industry increased dramatically over the period between 1970 and 1980, where it was estimated that every businessman was involved with computers and their techniques in one way or another. much(prenominal) businessmen were called New Businessmen because they were involved with the new field of computers, and every new businessman needed at least a basic knowledge of the computer for employment. In the mid 1970s, the total number of terminals installed in businesses and industry was estimated to be greater than 7000. The amount of terminals explicitly used for business exceeded 250,000 by 1980 (de Ferranti 70). The organization use of computers surpassed businesses use of computers however, and was operating 20,000 machines in 1970, which means they were using 3 times the machines that the people were using at that time (70-71).In 1974, the Wall avenue Journal conducted a survey on the computer use in businesses, surveying their subscribers. Two-thirds of the surveyed group said that their companies owned at least 1 computer. 90 percent of the large companies surveyed owned a computer, and 73 percent of companies employing less than 100 people owned a computer. The leading applications used b y the companies were accounting, with 76 percent sales analysis, with 46 percent and inventory control, with 43 percent. Clearly the nations economy, as a result of the investment for computers and the use of them in industry, had been affected (Dorf 137). Even in 1970, businesses were connected to online systems that allowed them to transfer data to other companies.The ways of accessing online services were increasing at that time, and allowed information to be inputted into one computer and sent to others in the area quickly (de Ferranti 67-68). Cable connections were used to connect systems to local branch companies to allow for quick information transmission. By 1980, the connection speed of a computer was one-third of the time it used to take in the 1970s. This increase in connection speed led to the use of businesses spending more hours online ransmitting data. This was a big increase from the time users in plants used to spend on the phone with other companies 6 minutes. Thi s also increased a companys expenditure on phone line connections.In house machines also enabled the New Businessmen to transmit work to terminals in their homes and back to manipulate the information they need without having to physically transport it (70). However, none of these achievements in computers was without some cost by the United States and its population. In 1970, $25. 5 billion were spent to utilize computers for all purposes. In 1975, $51. billion were spent for the same purpose, which was a triple of what the expenditures were 10 years before. About $8. 3 billion of the $25. 5 billion spent in 1970 was spent on equipment. Managements often began purchasing computer power as if it were a utility like natural gas or electricity. However, the revenues generated by the installations of these systems most likely offset the actual cost for the systems (Dorf 137).In essence, the machines paid for themselves by allowing the company to increase its efficiency and increase its overall revenue. And what about the common working man? Computers were generally a benefit o the working man or trained employee because they provided better jobs . However, one-fourth of the computer jobs were left to computer specialists in the 1970s. Another effect of computers on workers in the 1980s was alienation. Alienation was a term used to describe those people who were directly affected by automation in jobs or in everyday life. Computers created a feeling of displacement and dissatisfaction in them, and felt that computers would take the place of human labor and activities.A survey in the 1980s revealed that almost 50 out of the 1513 people surveyed felt alienated. When omputers began to replace the jobs of some men, they lost pride in themselves. They felt that they were being told that their jobs were too menial and worthless after being told that computer would be performing them. Many workers were affected emotionally because they felt that they had become inferior to computers (Stern and Stern 266). Employers had to be take steps to quell the discomfort felt by some workers over the introduction of the computer into their lives. And steps were taken to prevent alienation in the workplace. A famous experiment conducted by Elton mayonnaise and Fritz J.Roethlisberger at the Western Electric Co. in Hawthorne, NJ, from 1927-1932 called the Hawthorne Experiment accidentally revealed a method of preventing alienation. Mayo and Roethlisberger were studying what balance of physical conditions, labor, and coffee breaks would maximize productivity. However, regardless of the ways they changed the physical conditions, the productivity rose. Upon investigating by interviewing the workers, they were told by the workers that they were flattered that anyone would take notice of them and invite to do an experiment that would benefit them, so they felt as if they should work their best (267). Thus, they disco

Task C- Career Pathway Essay

Complete level 2 certificate children and youth peoples flexforce To exonerate the level 2 certificate I need to take a maths, face and ICT test. I too need to be working in an appropriate environment. To help me achieve this efficiency I will need the support of my tutor. I can also utilise my work colleagues specially those who are more experienced and qualified. I can use the internet for researching and also textbooks e.g. Heinemann level 2 certificate children and young peoples workforce book. I will also amaze to stool a first aid certificate to complete this qualification.Complete level 3 certificate children and young peoples workforce To complete my level 3 certificate I will have had to pass the level 2 qualification. To complete this I will need to use the internet and books for my research. I will again have the support of a tutor to guide me through and would be adequate to(p) to ask work colleagues for help. This may then provide me the opportunity for a promo tion at work because as a level 3 I could be a room leader.Foundation tier in early yearsTo be able to study for a stern stop in early years with The Open University you need to work in a registered early years background knowledge and you must be over the age of 18. You need the agreement and support of your employer before registering. You must also be able to work with groups of 3 or more children on a regular basis. This degree helps build knowledge on childrens development and learning. It also teaches practical skills like planning, assessment and teamwork. To complete this degree I would use the internet for research. I could also use books e.g. Early Years levels 4 & 5 and the foundation degree by Francisca Veale.Progress to a management position in a businessTo progress to a management position I would need my level 2 and 3 certificates in children and young peoples workforce. It would also be beneficial to have a foundation degree in early years to enter that I have a good savvy and knowledge of the early years. I would also need experience in a workplace and to show good teamwork and communication skills.

Chapter 27 History Quiz

Megan Golden RDNG 4240-502 11-20 Assessment Idea Assessment is the ongoing, systematic collection of information on each scholars. Reading Assessment is one of the pillars of effective reading programs. Assessing reading skills can be very clamant and can easily get boring. Many learners dread to be tested especially the ones who struggle with reading. purpose new ways to assess educatees in reading will help not only you still more importantly the student.There are many different ideas in which you can assess a student in reading other than just by paper and pencil. There are many projects, games, and online software available. For my particular idea I chose to pick a game. I recently observed a schoolroom where the teacher used this particular game, and I realized how much the kids enjoyed the game while also learning. Dividing the part into a team to do a game is always a good idea because its beat pressure off of weak readers.After dividing the class into two differen t teams, call on a student and hold up a flash card, then have the student pronounce the word. Make a tally mark each time the student pronounces the word correctly. By keeping up with who had more tally marks and rewarding the team who had more always helps encourage the children. Also while doing this activity, be sure to make note of any students who were struggling. By making these notes it will let you know which student needs assistance.

Eyewitness testimony

The Expert Witness How accepted Is witness deposition On the 28th of September 1 999, a building society in West corny was robbed by a man brandishing a gun. He had approached the cashier desk and pushed aside a customer and thus produced a gun. He ordered the three customers in the bank to lie on the floor. He hence(prenominal) pointed the gun in the face of the cashier and told her to fill the bag with m unriv wholeedy. In doing so, she managed to raise the silent alarm alerting the police. afterwards her compliance, the robber instructed her to in addition lie on the floor behind the desk.He warned the customers not to take to the woods before shooting his gun at the ceiling and running out. The four witnesses were then Interviewed as a throng by police at the scene of the crime. The premiere Interview revealed m either Inconsistencies In the descriptions of the culprit and in any case the chain of events. either witnesses had described a white male In his ass wit h a local anaesthetic accent. The group was split 22 on the robbers hair color, two mentation nordice and the others thought it was brown. The witnesses were then taken to the police station and interviewed separately.All four had now given statements eying the robber had blond hair. A lot less inconsistencies were found when the witnesses were interviewed for the second date. A third interview was conducted a a couple of(prenominal) weeks later to see if any more details had been telephoneed of the crime. A photo was in addition shown to the witnesses to see if they could actualize that he was the man they remembered from the robbery. Again the group were split, two thought It could be him and the other two were unsure. All four witnesses a few months after, had taken part In a line up In which they all picked out the same man as the robber In the bank.The man they Identified cancelled out to by the same man from the photo they were shown previously prior to the line-up . The man they identified was mob Taylor. mob Taylor is a 33 year old with one previous execration for robbing a cherubic shop when he was 18. He spent 18 months in prison for this crime and hasnt been in any trouble since. He became a suspect when an anonymous tip came in from a man with a local accent full-grown them Sesames name. Taylor had said he had been in Yellowhammers at the time exclusively could not supply any witnesses to confirm his alibi.The case went to trial before a Jury which was drawn from the local area. There was no forensic evidence lining Taylor to the crime scene but the prosecution argued he was a local man with previous convictions, that couldnt produce an alibi for his confirmed the man they picked out in the line-up, with one saying she was absolutely certain that Taylor was the man who held up the building society at gun point. After a 45 minute deliberation, the Jury returned a guilty verdict and sentenced Taylor to quin years in prison.To start identifying the problems with this case and detect why the conviction was unsafe one must start with the firstly officers attending(FAA). The Job of a FAA is to immediately attend to injured persons at the crime scene. They then should separate eyewitnesses from one another(prenominal) to avoid conversations between them that readiness distort their memories and to avoid the transfer of trace evidence, Jackson. Jackson(2008). However, the 4 witnesses were first interviewed as a group. During this interview ,there were inconsistency with the decision of the robbers hair color.After the witnesses has listened to each others stories, two had decided to diverseness their minds and agree his hair color was after all blond. This is a clear robber with the proof utilise in the trial, as all the witnesses were interviewed as a group. Due to social desirability and conformity they changed their retrospect of characteristics. An example of social conformity can be explained by Solomon S ashs visual Judgment experiment. Cash got 7 people to take part in each experiment but every time 6 of the participants were confederates.The confederates were instructed to all follow a strict position of instructions. In the experiment two cards were shown to the group of seven. oneness card had a vertical line and the other card had 3 lines of varying lengths. The experimenter then asked all seven to choose which line of the three matched the length of the line on the other card. The confederates were sometimes asked to all agree on certain cards that would appear to be blatantly obviously wrong. The experimenter was examination to see if the participant would change their mind in order to conform with the majority. 4% of the innocent participants went on with the group and conformed giving the incorrect answer, School(2013). In the third interview police took a photo of a suspect, James Taylor, to the witnesses and asked them if they could confirm that he was the man they rem embered from he robbery. After this the witnesses attended a line up in which Taylor was present, from this they were able to confirm that Taylor was the robber. The questioning from the police asking to confirm that Taylor was the robber, could be considered as a star(p) question.Meaning that out-of-pocket to their choice of wording, they were able to lead the witnesses to a desired answer. They were made to think that Taylor had commit the crime, even though they may not of originally thought it was him. Lofts and Palmer in 1974, conducted an experiment to prove that leading questions n an interview can have a clear effect on witnesses answers. They asked forty five participants to watch a clip of two cars in an accident. They were spilt into 5 groups and then they were asked the question How fast were the cars way out when they (hit/ smashed/collided/bumped/contacted) each other? A week after the participants had seen the clips, they were also asked if they saw any low-pitch ed glass, even though there was no broken glass. Lofts and Palmer had found that the verb engaged, changed the the smashed conditions reported the highest speeds, followed by bumped, hit and collided in travel order. A week after when the participants were asked if there was any broken glass at the scene, people in the smashed group predominantly said yes. This proved that a leading question encouraged the participants to remember the cars traveling at a faster speed.The question has also appeared to modify their retentiveness as they also remember seeing non-existent glass, McLeod(2010). The leading question asked by the police could be an explanation for the sudden chassis of James Taylor being the robber, even though straight after the event, two thought he ad brown hair and two thought he had blond, now they are able to recognizes some seventh cranial nerve characteristics one even saying she was absolutely certain it was James Research by Lofts and Burns in 1982 also sugge sts that heavy weapon focus can have a detrimental effect on remembrance of certain characteristics.They believe that a witness testament focus more closely on the weapon used during a crime and not the person holding it. They believe this is because a person will always focus on the thing that poses a threat or injury when its not in its usual context. For example, you wouldnt be afraid of someone brandishing a gun at a shooting range. They conducted an experiment by allocating participants to one of two conditions. One watched a violent short film of a son being shot in the head and the other watched a non-violent short film of a crime.The results were dramatic, simply 4. 3% of the subjects who watched the violent crime correctly recalled a number on a boys Jersey, this compared to 27. 9% of participants who answered correctly that had watched the non-violent version, This could be another contributing factor as to why the eyewitnesses good words may be unreliable and as to why they might not be able to reduce an accurate description of the robber, as he did brandish a gun, put it in the face of one of the witnesses and also discharged it before he left.The witnesses were also part of the crime not watching it on a video clip uniform the participants in Lofts and Burns experiment. Witnessing a real life crime is more focusingful than taking part in an experiment. To hypothesis that the description the witnesses gave to the Jury, might not be as accurate as they recall, might bare some weight, due to weapon focus and other contributing variables present at the time of the contingency. Another factor which could disprove the affidavit given by the witnesses is one called the schema and stereotype possibility.This theory suggests that we are only able to take in a certain amount of information at the scene of a crime or incident. Ata later date when we are asked to provide greater detail, we aver on past experience (schemas) and prejudices (stereoty pes) to fill in the gaps. We use expectations to reconstruct our memory. One experiment conducted by Bartlett in 1932 called War of the ghosts portrayed a great example of the way people use stereotypes and schemas. Bartlett got participants to read a native North American folk tale, then repeat the paper to another person in turn who restate it and so on.By the time the last person had repeated the story back they had shortened it by three quarters and westernizes the details for example, seal clubbing was changed to fishing. One as a stored set of knowledge about a concept which guides our behavior. These are used to motivate our memory, and sometimes to fill in gaps if we are unsure, Bartlett(1932). Bartlett suggested that we make the following adjustments in certain spit out situations He believed people tend to rationalist situations and add material to Justify parts of their story.He believes that parts of a story, particularly those difficult to understand were often left out or manipulated. When people cant make brain of a situation, they tend to rearrange the order to one which fits the stereotype of their expectations in certain events. He also believes that people add their own emotion to a story, making the chain of events differ from someone else due to their personal emotional response. The research conducted by Bartlett is another factor hat could be bad in the conviction of Taylor.The four witnesses could of used their schemas and stereotypes along with leading questioning from the police to come to the presumption that James Taylor was the robber. The above explanations are reasons why the conviction for James Taylor may not of been safe and also why the eye witness testimony may have been distorted. To show the weight an eyewitness testimony bares on a case, can be demonstrated by Elizabeth Lofts in 1974. Lofts gave participants three versions of a robbery and murder case, she then asked them to decide whether the defendant was guilty. Circumstantial evidence which was presented to the mock Jurors included the fact that the robber ran into the defendants flat block, money was found in the defendants room and tests revealed there was a slight chance the defendant had fired a gun on the day of the robbery/murder. Results revealed that with Just this information provided, only 18% of participants thought that the defendant was guilty. When also presented with an eyewitness testimony, the guilty verdict dramatically changed to 72%. This demonstrates the powerful effect of an eyewitness testimony.More strikingly, when the participants were informed that the eyewitness was short- sighted, he was not wearing his glasses at the time of the offence, and he could not have seen the robbers face from where he was standing, 68% still gave a guilty verdict, Stewart(2013). This demonstrates the shocking strengths that an eyewitness testimony bares on each case. Upon evaluation of this case, it would seem that the conviction to s end a message to other electromotive force criminals, may have been in haste. The problem with this case not only lies with unreliable eyewitness testimonys but the conduct shown by the police wrought.From group interviews, leading questions and photographs to prompting from the prosecution lawyers prior to the trial. The conviction of James Taylor in this case, seems to be more about making an example of someone in order to set a precedent for others thinking of committing a similar crime, rather than on a case which is base purely on facts and forensic evidence, in which this case had none. Remembering A Study in experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge Cambridge University Press A,R. Jacksonville(2008)Forensic science. Second Edition. Pearson education emitted, Essex England.Eyewitness TestimonyIn the legal profession, eyewitness testimony (EWT) is generally defined as the number of an event provided by an individual or individuals who have witnessed it.Such an account c ould contain the identity or identities of the people who were involved in the event, a narration of how the incident, itself, occurred, and a exact description of the scene before, during, and after the event took place. In criminal cases in the United States, the general aspiration is for juries to grant EWT a rather high level of reliability, especially in the process of identifying the perpetrator/s of a criminal act (McLeod).Unfortunately for jurists, research has been consistent in demonstrate that EWT is not as reliable as generally perceived. As a matter of fact, in Problems and Materials on Trial Advocacy pen by A. Leo Levin and Harold Cramer, the authors stated thatEyewitness testimony is, at best, evidence of what the witness believes to have occurred. It may or may not tell what actually happened. The familiar problems of perception, of gauging time, speed, height, weight, of accurate identification of persons accused of crime all contribute to making honest testimon y something less than completely believable (Cline).This view is shared by many legal practitioners. The prevailing view not only among defense lawyers but also among prosecutors is that in spite of the sincerity of eyewitnesses, EWT could not always be credible. They are convinced that when somebody professes to have witnessed an incident or a crime, for that matter, such a statement should not be taken by reliance because it is very possible that what he or she remembers seeing may not have actually happened.This line of merchandise is generally based on the fact that not all eyewitnesses possess the same degree of competence. A competent eyewitness should have the following qualities sufficient powers of perception ability to remember and describe what he or she remembers seeing and the willingness to tell only the truth (Cline).In theory, an eyewitness testimony could be discredited in a court of law if it could be established that an eyewitness is not competent by showing tha t his or her memory and perception are impaired, he or she has certain biases or prejudices against the accused, or that he or she is a reputed liar. Unfortunately, records show that even eyewitness accounts from highly competent witnesses have nonetheless caused the conviction of many innocent people. These are cases which involve competent eyewitnesses giving eyewitness accounts which are not credible but appear convincing to jurors (Cline).Since eyewitness account is highly dependent upon the memory of an individual, his or her recall of events is greatly affected by age, health, personal bias and expectations, viewing conditions, perception problems, later discussions with other witnesses, and stress (Cline).In other words, EWT should be appraised on a case-to-case basis, taking into consideration the personal attributes of the eyewitness and the conditions prevailing at the time of the event such as weather condition, time of day, distance of the witness from the incident, and illumination. Stress is another factor which affects a persons memory. For instance, an eyewitness who has been so horrified by a kill often fails to recall vital aspects of the incident. In such cases, it is said that the memory of the witness fails him or her, giving credence to the school of thought which maintains that mans memory is actually imperfect (Cline).Elizabeth Loftus belongs to this school of thought. In fact, in her book Memory Surprising New Insights into How We Remember and Why We Forget, she wrote that we often do not see things accurately in the first place. But even if we take in a sanely accurate picture of some experience, it does not necessarily stay perfectly intact in memoryWith the passage of time, with proper motivation, with the introduction of special kinds of interfering facts, the memory traces seem sometimes to change or become transformed (Cline). In other words, memory is not only imperfect but could also be manipulated or managed. This is only o ne of many observations raised by scholars and researchers about the reliability of eyewitness testimony.