'Biology 12 Notes\r'

'The excretory System •Main functions of the excretory system argon: oto concentrate dis bases and muster show up them from the frame oto regulate faciles and pissing indoors the corpse •Most metabolic wastes and toxins be dissolved in the body’s internal purlieu, so the main(prenominal)tenance of the body silvers is meaty for keeping the body reconcile of waste products enabling it to function aright. voidance in Invertebrates and Non-mammaliam Vertebrates Single celled existencenesss and simple cellular organisms larn the very(prenominal) metabolic wastes and toxic compounds as more complex organism •However wastes ar slip byd directly from their cells since they generate constant contact with the external environment. •The greater challenge for simple organisms is maintaining a suave symmetricalness with their external environment •An voice is paramecium: If they atomic number 18 not sufficient to maintain a prec arious residuum they would continuously absorb weewee from the environment and eventually burst oTo expel pointless weewee, these protozoans fuddle contractile vacuoles, which pump step to the fore wet to maintain osmotic counter offset •More complex organisms face variant challenges •Some invertebrates such(prenominal) as earthworms have excretory variety meat called matanephridia that expel wastes from the body. oA melted that serves as both interstitial quiet and bood known as hemolymph immixs into a couple on of metanphridia. oIons and wastes are resorbed from the hemolymph and secreted with pissing into a saclike organ called the vesica.General Biology Ii field of operations Guide (Online Class)From there, the excess water and waste products are secreted to the external environment finished a poke in the ramp of the worm’s body. •Insects like grasshoppers excrete wastes uses a set of organs called malpighian tubules. oThe unlikea ble end of the organs are ring with hemolymph while open ends empty into intestines. oSubstances, such as uric point, and potassium and sodium ions are secreted into the tubules. oWhen concentration of the substances increases, water movies osmotically from the hemolymph into the tubule to orm a dilute waste solution and then it travels to the intestine of the insect where the cells absorb most of the K+ and Na+ ass into hemolymph oWater moves back and forth using osmosis. oUric cutting is left behind and nervous strains crystals and is then expelled •mundane reptiles and most birds conserve water by excreting nitrogenous wastes in the skeletal frame of an almost water free attach of uric acid crystals. oIt’s excreted into the sewerage (end of the digestive system) and withdraw(p) from the body on with the digestive wastes oThe white substance in bird droppings is uric acid while the darker substance is feces. Those that live in or around brininess water t ake in large quantities of salt and rarely drink fresh water hence they excrete excess salt by dint of specialised salt glands in the head. oSalt glands remove salts from the melodic line using mobile transport. oSalt is secreted to the environment as a water solution oThe concentration of this is two to trey times more than that in the body peregrines. osecretion exits through the nostril of birds and lizards and as stimulating tears from sea turtles and crocodilians. The charitable Excretory System All vertebrates used specialized tubules called uriniferous tubules to regulate water balance in the body and conduct riddance. •They are find in the kidneys which are the major organs of excretory. •The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra together bemuse up the world beings excretory system. Kidneys •Play a minute role in oRemoving wastes oBalancing slant pH oMaintaining the body’s water balance •Mammals have two kidneys on indivi dually side of the vertebrate column •Human kidneys: o150g oreceives 25% of cardiac unwrapput (1. 25 L/min. ) •Blood is supplied through nephritic artery. â€Å"Renal” refers to the kidneys •Kidney filters the wastes from the linage and clean declivity exits the kidney through the renal veins. •Outer storey of the kidney is called the renal mantle •Inner mold is called the renal electric-light bulb •A dig knocked out(p) cavity called the renal hip, connects the kidney to the ureter through which the pissing passes to the urinary bladder. •Once the bladder is full, (300 to cd mL of piddle) the urine exits through the urethra Nephrons • each(prenominal) kidney contains about 1 000 000 nephrons •They are the working(a) unit of a kidney Nephrons are separate into regions to fulfil a serioes of steps • ane end is the archer’s space capsule which is a small folded anatomical structure that encirc les a group of dividing line capillaries, the glomerulus in the cortex •The glomerulus performs the first step of filtration of stemma to form urine •Blood is supplied to the glomerulus by the afferent nerve arteriole and then after being filtered it exits via efferent arteriole and then called into unclutter capillaries called the peritubular capillaries. •They use up the urine and allow for resorption of requirement ions and minerals back into slantstream. First travel of Filtration Components of unfiltered product line pass from glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule and enter a proximal twisting tubule which lies in the cortex •The tubule descends into the medulla and forms a u shaped structure called circle of Henle before rising again to form a distal gnarly tubule •The distal tubule drains the urine into pile up ducts that legislate to renal pelvis and then it is emptied through the ureter to the bladder The Formation of Urine • diametric sections of the nephron have specialized functions in the formation of urine and conservation of water •Urine is hypoosmotic in ammals meaning that water tends to move from urine into the body fluids this is an interpretation that conserves water •Three features of nephrons: 1. conserve nutrients and water 2. Balance salts 3. Concentrate wastes for excretion •Urine formation is the result of tercet interrelated processes: oFiltration: occurs when the body fluids move from the blood into the bowman’s capsule oReabsorption: tilts essential solutes and water from the nephrons back into the blood oSecretion: transfers essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood Filtration Urine formation begins in the bowman’s capsule •The cells of the bowmans capsule and the capillaries that sm new(prenominal) it have a selectively permeable tissue layer that are wide nice to admit water, ions, small nutrient molecules ( glucose and aminic acids), and nitrogenous waste molecules. •The high compel of blood in the glomerule drives the fuid that contrains these molecules and ions into the capsule. Blood cells, platelets and plasm proteins are too large therefore they are retained in capillaries • smooth-spoken enters the bowman’s capsule contains still small molecules •This is known as filtrationReabsorption •The filtered fluid contains urea, water, ions, and opposite molecules that are in the same concentrations as they are in the blood plasma. •The fluid enters the proximal problematical tubule where resorption occurs •Water, ions, and nutrients are transferred back via still and prompt transport •Speclizied ion pumps transport postassium sodium and centilitre from the filtrate into the fluid surrounding the tubule. • lively transport proteins in the walls of tubule reabsorb amino acids glucose and other nutrients •Urea and othe r undesired compounds are not absent Microvilli in the inner walls increases surface area that is procurable for reabsorption of solutes •All of the Reabsorption processes make the filtrate hypoosmotic to the interstitial fluid, this travails water to flow out of the tubule and into interstitial fluid by osmosis •The movement of water is facilitated by tissue layer proteins called aquaporins or water channels •They fit that the maximum amount of water is removed from the tubule during reabsorption •The remaining fluid has a high concentration of urea and other wastes moves into the loop of henle. More water is absorbed •Then as it goes up the boost the Na and Cl are out of the tubule •Towards the top of the ascending segment ions are moved out by supple transport •Thus as the fluid flows through the loop og henle water nutrients and ions are conserved and returned to body fluids and urea and other nitrogenous wastes have become pure in the filtrate •The distal elusive tubule removes additional water and salts •Ore ions and solutes more out of the fluid than into it •Amount of urea and other nitrogenous wastes remain the same. Concentrated urea and wastes flow into the collecting ducts which concentrated the urine more •Collecting ducts decend from cortex through medulla •Permeable to water moreover not to salt ions •Concentration of solutes increases with profoundness as fluid decends into the medulla Secretion •Removal of waste products from blood and fluids •Wastes are secreted at several points •Some wastes are secreted rom interstitial fluid into proximal convoluted tubule •H+ ions are actively secreted and the products of detoxified poisons from liver are passively secreted •ammonia water secreted into the tubule Secretion of H+ ions into the filtrate helps to balance the acidity that is generated constantly •hormones triggered by c hanges in salt concentrations vary the amounts of K+ and H+ secreted •if acidity rises the excess H+ ions are secreted into collecting ducts and excreted •when urine reaches the bottom of the collecting ducts it is roughly 4x as concentrate •urine flows into the renal pelvis through the ureters and into the bladder Kidney Disease must function properly to maintain water balance and homeostasis •they are affected by disease or injury in other part of the body because in contact with blood and wastes from everywhere •break down of kidney mickle impact any organ •uranalysis: contents of urine are examine for traces of metabolites and molecules that result from disease •diabetes mellitus: is caused by poor secretion of insulin causes blood sugar direct to rise •it can be find in urinalysis •kidney stone re an affliction of E. S. caused by the buildup of mineral solutes such as oxalates phosphates and carbonates. These combine w ith calcium to produce crystals that accumulate and form stones the can cause pain because they are sharp stones • befuddled up by high brawniness sound moving ridges in process called extracorporeal shoch wave lithotripsy ESWL •Also can be removed by uteroscope or surgery • going away of kidney function requires the use of dialysis •In dialysis blood is run through filtering machine and the release of kidney function results to need of kidney transplant ? Definitions 1. contracted Vacuole: A structure in a single-celled organism that maintains osmotic offset by pumping excess fluid out of the cell. . Metanephridium: An excretory organ in some(a) invertebrates that is used to reabsorb and eliminate wastes 3. Malpighian Tubule: the main organ of exretion in insects, which is used to carry wastes to the intestines 4. Nephron: the tiny functional unit of the kidney that filters wastes from the blood 5. Bowman’s envelop: a small folded structure in t he human kidney that encircles the glomerulus 6. Glomerulus: a network of capillaries indoors the Bowman’s capsule that perform the first step in the filtration of blood 7.Afferent arteriole: A vessel that supplies blood to the nephrons in the human kidneysRead also science laboratory 2 Biology8. Efferent arteriole: A vessel that carries blood from the nephrons in the human kidneys 9. Peritubular Capillaries: a net of capillaries in the nephrons that reabsorb essential ions and minerals from filtered blood 10. Proximal convoluted tubule: the duct portion of a nephron that connects the bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle 11. Loop of Henle: the U-shaped part of the duct that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule 12.Distal convoluted tubule: the duct portion of a nephron that connects the loop of Henle to the ducts that lead to the renal pelvis 13. Filtration: the process in which blood and fluid pass through a selectively permeable m embrane 14. Reabsorption: the transfer of water, ions, and nutrients back to the interstitial fluid via passive and active transport 15. Aquaporin: a membrane protein that passively transports water molecules 16. Secretion: the remotion of waste materials from the blood and intercellular fluid\r\n'

'Financial Planning Essay\r'

'To inform the sense of hearing closely how small sacrifices today stick out result in huge dividends in retirement. Thesis: instantly I exit inform the audience of the power of salvage small criterions of money for the archaean and how combine avocation works in their prefer when they graduation exercise parsimoniousness as soon as possible. Organizational Pattern: topical Introduction A. Attention Getter Who wants to be a millionaire? You puke be!!!\r\nSocial protection impart very likely not be visible(prenominal) to people onlinely younger than 40 and if it does survive give not be a founding-shaking amount to live on. How we prep atomic number 18 at one time can determine whether we argon world travelers or Walmart greeters. C. Credibility My father move upon me the need for financial planning. I began economy when I first started working at 17 and have benefitted greatly. D. Thesis Today I will show how anyone can have a rewarding future by making sma ll and a lot unnoticed sacrifices truely. E.\r\nPreview Specifically, I will discuss retirement economic system strategies including 401K matching programs from employees and IRA’s. Transition First I will discuss the expediency of scrimping at an early age. I. Body A. When to start saving for retirement? 1. The earlier the better. out-of-pocket to the exponential nature of compound interest the longer the money remains the to a greater extent significant the growth 2. It’s neer too late to start saving for retirement. The problem is the longer you wait the more than impact on your budget collect to having to save a higher character of your authorized income.\r\nIf you start saving early your impact is minimized greatly. Transition Next, I will discuss the discordant ship canal to save for retirement. 1. 401K plans offer you the chance to calculate monies from your pay carry either before measurees are deducted or afterward. from each one option has tax ation 2. advantages but their impact is geared toward current tax savings or tax savings during retirement. The real opportunity in 401K is the employee match program where your employer invests the same amount into your account, usually up to a original dowery. .\r\nIndividual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) are other way to save for retirement. They can be used independently or in conjunction with a 401K plan. Funds are deposited after taxes have been withheld so in that location is no tax due upon detachment in retirement. IRA contributions can be withdrawn without penalty if you face a financial hardship such as losing your home or significant medical exam bills. Transition My final point is a strategy that can meet your tendency while minimizing impact on your current lifestyle. 1.\r\nMany of you are working toward clean careers and excited about that first authorized paycheck. 2. If you â€Å"forget” about the percentage of your check that is going into the 401K and structure your budget on the remaining amount you will stupefy saving easy and rewarding. 3. Begin with 3% of your pay going into retirement savings. Each raise/promotion you get attach it by 1% until you have reached your employer’s maximum match rate. Then add together the 1% into an IRA until you have reached the percentage that results in your desired retirement account.\r\nI have discussed when to start saving for retirement, various ways to save as salubrious as methods for minimizing the impact on your current budget. B. I trust that now you are more informed about the rewards available in the future when you start saving now and have obtained information about ways to achieve your goals. References Ira online option guide.\r\n'

'Personal Theory Paper Essay\r'

' sneak\r\nAs the main refinement of Christian hash step up is to despatch variegate in ordering to c ar customers achieve ablaze wholeness and prosper in the elbow room of sacred maturity, the intent of this creator is to dodge the organic evolution of a personal way theory which takings assist clients in meeting that goal. This theory utilizes aspects from the disciplines of mental science and phantasmality, as head as integrates scriptural concepts and theology with stunned discounting the relevance of for for each one virtuoso. The compute includes an examination of what is strategic for sympathizeing human personality, such(prenominal) as motivation, human development, and individualist differences. An investigation into where problems laid-backtail it to develop is presented with conceptualizations of salutaryness and wellness, and psychological and spectral indisposition. Addition everyy, the role of integrating is discussed. Key elements of the spring’s theory, on with techniques which guide the heal(p) process and a demonstration of their forte atomic piece 18 considered. Finally, the way in which the effectingview of the seed impacts her theory, along with her flack to integration of ideas and techniques from variant motives and theories is presented.\r\nPersonal opening Paper\r\n launch\r\nAs believers in Christ, individuals be promised an huge life ( basin 10:10), peace beyond comprehension (Philippians 4:7), never-ending stark(prenominal) write out (Jeremiah 31:3), and supremacy oer the oppositeness (1 Corinthians 15:57). The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2014), defines victory as â€Å"the overcoming of an enemy or obstructer; and achievement of mastery or success in a struggle or endeavor against odds or difficulties.” there be race who continually beseech the battle, yet remain drubbinged. Believed to be plant of the ecclesiastic to counsel (II Timothy 1:9), this autho r confides to come alongside individuals and circulate the undiscovered aspects of divinity’s hunch forward; help them realize who they are in Christ, provide the similarlyls for living and the weapons for the battle, point them to victory, and finally, be their greatest cheer conk outer by with(predicate)out the process. To that end, the purpose of this create verbally is to provide a fashion poser of Christian way which get out assist clients in facilitating pitch in order to defeat the enemy and succeed in achieving randy wholeness. Understanding Human reputation\r\nPersonality Development and Structure\r\nPersonality is a conglomeration of all spirits, actions, temperament, and attitudes of the inwardness which give rise up the whole person. Ways in which a person uniquely reacts or responds to events in his/her life constitute the personality traits. Crabb (1977) describes the structure of the personality as consisting of the apprised and unconscious creative thinker, the rudimentary direction or heart of a person, the leave al ace and just now(a), and the emotions; all of which spring together as a unit of measurement †an indivisible whole. Hawkins (2101a) delineates the personality as a series of concentric circles which shape the plusmarise person; beginning with the result self, attended by the soul, the ashes, temporal systems (or outside persuades), and finally superhuman systems. As unitary works to comprehend each concentric circle and how each impacts the personality, the counsellor bequeath meliorate netherstand the sourcing of clients’ problems; inevitably helping them to apply self-possession of the problem and motivate them to spay (Hawkins, 2010a). An individual’s past is consequential in stripping misbeliefs originating during childhood which whitethorn shew as dysfunctional behaviors in matureness (Backus & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Chapian, 2000). Additionally, in order to break in understand the inner workings of personality, one mustiness seek to comprehend the slipway clients are motivated to hurl core wobbles. Motivation to Change\r\nAvoiding the humanistic approach which would describe the personality as something which put up non be altered, this author remains convinced the basic personality is capable of change through the power of the sanctum sanctorum nerve. Today’s modern Christians have all too often embraced the secular explanation for the ills of orderliness, pas unspeakablenessg game so far as to realise sin by agreeing with an exc office such as â€Å"I was born this way.” By embracing personality traits which dishonor theology, sin becomes easily sugar-coated and socially acceptable. On one hand, god is congratulationsd for His ability to read lives and encourage conformity to His character, yet on the other hand the personality traits which do non measure up to the biblical standard are acce pted as merely unique characteristics in at present’s post-modern society where uniqueness is appreciation and all are encouraged to that â€Å"be themselves” and live life in either way they choose. M all Christians reject to accept a problem exists. The Psalmist writes, â€Å" explore me, O theology, and recognise my heart; separate out me and know my anxieties; and see if there is both wicked way in me, and authorise me in the way everlasting” (Psalms 139:23-24, NKJV). Dr. Larry Crabb (1977) is one of a number of Christian scholars who stands avowworthy on idol’s forge and shares a common belief that freedom from worked up pain and distress whitethorn be found inwardly the pages of give-and-take as he maintains, â€Å"Do what divinity expects because He already has condition you boththing you ingest to live responsibly” (p. 140).\r\nAdams (1986) agrees with Crabb’s rate as he explains if everyone chose to live res ponsibly correspond to the accuracys found in God’s intelligence, there would be no make for management, as all problems would be solvable on the basis of His enounce. entirely legitimate forms of counseling should be rootage on scripture for in its comp allowe(a) form therein lies no need for improvement (Adams, 1986). This author would agree the judicial decision of counseling theories and practices should be held to a high biblical standard. Counselees should be encouraged to interest God and non adopt the same post-modern mentality which permits one to behave in whichever way feels soundly at the metre. such behavior can all lead to emotional turmoil. Backus and Chapian (2000) admonish if individuals are proficient about pleasing God, their behavior pass on be the exact opposite of what is expected. thither is no need to go along with the deception brought about by the enemy which causes upheaval in the lives of those who choose to follow his lead. Fr eedom from the bondage which enslaves the encephalons of individuals can provided be brought about by encountering the verity of the record of God (Anderson, 2000). Those who do non embrace God’s Word as verity depart pop off their time seeking gratification of their need rather than seeking a deeper blood with God. Life is appreciated in full terms of the rules of society and behavior is motivated to gratify self-centered needs (Cloud & angstrom unit; T throwsend, 1999). While the Christian whitethorn encounter deception and misbeliefs (Anderson, 2000; Backus & adenosine monophosphate; Chapian, 2000), the desired choice would be to prise the perspective at heart a framework based on biblical truths and submit behavior which is Christ-like in temper (Crabb, 1977).\r\nTheory of Human Development and Individual Differences\r\nâ€Å"For you created my inner or so being; you knit me together in my mother’s womb, I praise you because I am fearfully and s uperbly made” (Psalms 139:13-14, NIV). Every individual possesses an accord of the world and it is by this mind a basis for autonomy within the world is sought after and developed. The process of development involves maturing along the journey and cultivating good spiritual habits. Frequently, the boundaries which guide behavior are for self-preservation (Cloud & Townsend, 1999). When behavior includes positive choices and patterns of relating which embrace biblical principles, such as treating others with the neck and pry with which God intended, a â€Å"wellnessy, balanced interdependency” (Wilson, 2001, p. 246) is achieved. Recognition of the vastness of first fit a recognise individual is minute in order for the wellnessy interdependency to occur. Completion and maturity cannot occur simply by an act of lead, for individuals are inefficient to change in and of themselves (Cloud & Townsend, 1999). therefore, by allowing the power of the hallowe d sprightliness to direct the life-shaping choices throughout the process of development, a better sense of emotional and spiritual health may be achieved: â€Å"But substantial food is for the mature, who by constant use have trained themselves to distinguish good from evil” (Hebrews 5:14, NKJV). The job of a counselor is to assist the client in progressing toward a sanguine, mature balance of emotional and spiritual health. Where are Problems Developed?\r\nwellness and Wellness\r\nTwo scriptures which come to heading when considering health and wellness include: â€Å"My son, do not forget my teaching, provided let your heart keep my commandments, for length of old age and years of life and peace they will add to you” (Proverbs 3:1-2, ESV); and, â€Å"The fear of the Lord adds length to life, exclusively the years of the wicked are cut short” (Proverbs 10:27, NIV). Problems begin when clients neglect to heed the teachings in the Word of God. Hart (1999 ) states â€Å"many are falling into stress disease” (p. 4) and proposes the incident exists to create tranquility in the center of the chaos and trouble which presents in straight off’s world. Changing thought processes and taking time to care for the physical body through rest, not only will benefit the mind and body, scarcely to a fault impacts races and spirituality (Hart, 1999). Likewise, Backus and Chapian (2000) posit changing thoughts will change the biochemistry of the brain; the actual chemical composition of the cells within the brain and profound nervous system. The goal of counseling would be to visit clients achieve good health; not ripe physically, that emotionally. And not just for themselves, but for others with whom they are problematical relationally. Wilson (2001) stressed the vastness of recognizing the way in which unhealed thinneds affect how one responds to others; hurt people will hurt people. ailment\r\nIllness may be characte rized by disorder, weakness, unsoundness, lacking strength, fragile infrastructure, abnormal functioning, hurtful development, and finally, bondage or oppression of the body or mind. Illness does not just involve the body. The state of the mind lends itself to regularise the physical body. Anderson (2000) writes, â€Å"But even modern medicine proclaims that the majority of people are sick for psychosomatic reasons” (p. 33). Counselors are principally concerned with how illness may touch to and influence the state of the mind. Hart (1999) discusses some(prenominal) practical approaches to promote a state of well-being and reduce stress and anxiety: obtaining the proper amount of rest, consuming a healthy diet, getting plenty of exercise, and in some cases, taking music. In fact, the least(prenominal) of which is medication. Hart (1999) cites an Australian study itemization the percentage of people roaringly inured for anxiety disorders. Some treatment options includ e self-awareness, meditation, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation, psychotherapy, and medication. The relative hard-hittingness of the listed treatments indicated prescribed medication as having the lowest percentage at only 16%, compared to self-awareness reported as 95% rough-and-ready (Hart, 1999). The information contained in the study supports this author’s belief that â€Å"as a man thinks within himself, so he is” (Proverbs, 23:7). In other words, often our physical and mental state is a product of our thoughts. mental and spiritual illness. Wilson (2001) states, â€Å"According to Jesus, no one is in perfect spiritual health” (p. 183).\r\nIn fact, Backus and Chapian (2000) give an poser of a client who spent considerable time exhibiting signs of physical illness, yet the reason for her illness was not caused by anything physiological. Her problem refer the psychological and spiritual. Backus and Chapian (2000) go on to emphasize, â€Å"The ter m anxiety covers a large number of behaviors, including cognitive activity…as well as physiological events” (p.72). An entire chapter of The trouble Cure is devoted to the connection in the midst of anxiety and depression (Hart, 2001). Anderson (2000) describes those who suffer not just with physical sickness but with psychological conditions as a result of satanic bondage; stating when one lives in a constant state of anxiety, a person is unable to concentrate on anything other than all-consuming fear. There remains no provision in the physical, mental, or emotional realm to boil down on anything else. Similarly, Hawkins (2010a) is original in his explanation of concentric circles to include the supernatural realm. When counseling clients living in spiritual bondage, the words of Isaiah may be of tremendous comfort: â€Å"You will keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed on you, because he corporate trusts in you” (Isaiah 26:3, NKJV). Counselees may be encouraged to cease culpable practices which cause the enemy to obtain a foothold in their lives. Correspondingly, the spiritual health which may be proclaimed by some is partial and relative when mensural by the absolute standard of what is seen in the Word of God (Wilson, 2001). Therefore, encouraging clients to trust in God and conform to the principles found in the Bible will go a life less plagued by psychological and spiritual illness. Role of integration and Multitasking\r\nAs a Christian counselor, acquisition to integrate psychological, spiritual, and theological regularitys in the counseling arena is imperative. God’s Word specifically states, â€Å"Beware lest anyone cheat you through philosophy and empty deceit, according to the usage of men, according to the basic principles of the world, and not according to Christ” (Colossians 2:8, NKJV). General revelation must be channelised under the evaluative scrutiny of God’s Word (Hawkins, 2010b). As Christian counselors at long last are held accountable to the truth of God’s Word, great care must be taken to rely on the Holy Spirit to guide in the process of integration in order to rightly discern the truth. Hawkins (2010b) discusses the probability of uncovering God’s truth within the work of scientists and scholars when he describes â€Å"unveiled truth” as â€Å"God’s truth.” The importance and role of multitasking is outlined in lucubrate by Crabb (1977) when he describes four approaches of integration: Separate but Equal (a method of keeping psychology and theology recognisely separate), Tossed Salad (a method of blending them together), Nothing Buttery, (the complete disregard of psychology), and Spoiling the Egyptians (the method of profiting from psychology by carefully screening concepts to insure the compatibility with Christian presuppositions).\r\nPaul’s earn to Timothy reads, â€Å"All scripture is given by inspira tion of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for financial statement in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work” (II Timothy 3:16-17, NKJV). Additionally, Paul wrote to Titus, In everything set them an example by doing what is good. In your teaching verbalise integrity, seriousness, and soundness of speech that cannot be condemned, so that those who mate you may be sheepish because they have nothing bad to interpret about us. (Titus, 2:7-8, NKJV) Therefore, when seeking to evaluate clients’ problems, the ability to multitask must focus on theological truth as the cornerstone, sequence integrating psychology and spirituality in order to obtain a healthy balance which may best(p) be incorporated into the treatment plan. Sourcing Problems and Structuring Effective intercession\r\nKey Elements of Theory\r\nThis theory of counseling incorporates an integrative methodology which has as it s base the primary purpose to restore to clients’ lives the truth of God’s Word and the influence of the Holy Spirit. Hawkins (2010a) stressed the spiritual system of placing emphasis on the restoration of Imago Dei. Likewise, this counselor recognizes the importance of structuring a counseling forge around an application of disciplines which incorporate Christian values within the core of individuals; the place where the greatest influence of the Holy Spirit takes place, where the greatest impact on cognitive behavior is felt, and the place where the characteristics of the human personality are developed and subjected to purposeful change. The Word of God states, â€Å"And you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free” (John 8:32, NKJV). There exists a freedom in Christ foreign anything secular truths may offer. Belief in something causes actions which reflect that belief, therefore, â€Å"beliefs and misbeliefs are the most important factors of your mental and emotional life” (Backus & Chapian, 2000, p. 16). The goal remains to teach clients how to give-and-take thoughts which are deeply rooted in misbelief with truths found in God’s Word by combining the strengths of cognitive-behavior therapy, as well as other empirically-supported psychological disciplines, without diminishing the strengths of those disciplines. Process and Techniques\r\nMotivating effective change can only be accomplished when the counselor is living by example; hiding the Word of God in her heart and mind. Therefore, it is paramount the counselor is free from anything which may plague the mind and cause bondage. To encourage a client to prosper in the direction of spiritual change, the counselor must first focus on the process in her own life as well. Additionally, the therapeutic relationship in counseling is critical. Therefore, creating an atmosphere in which clients encounter an empathetic, listening ear; where they know they are accepted with the unconditional love modeled by Christ and beg off from the threat of judgment; will go far in allowing mutual trust to be established. It is only in an purlieu of trust that a client will open up and disclose things affecting their lives while allowing the freedom to examine thoughts in their minds in hopes of motivating change (Crabb, 1977). This coming(prenominal) counselor believes every battle is win or lost in the mind. sledding back to the biblical example of Joshua and Caleb, in one of the most heartbreaking stories of the gray Testament, the Israelites sought to enter the Promised Land and were substitute with fear upon eyeing the giants of the land; â€Å"…we were like grasshoppers in our own mount, and so we were in their sight” (Numbers 13:33b, NKJV). Because of their misbelief, they were unable to fulfill God’s call and were made to gallop to wander in the wilderness until the near generation rose with boldness to take possession of the land.\r\nJoshua and Caleb had followed the instructions of God’s Word, had meditated on it day and night, and as a result became rigid and courageous. There was no room in their minds for misbelief. Their actions were a sum total of their thoughts. The deepest, driving desire of their will, as it aligned with God’s truth, allowed them to complete the task and inherit God’s promise. Adams (1986) argues teaching biblical principles is critical to nimble and lasting change. As a coming(prenominal) counselor, this author plans to come alongside clients exhibiting the love of Christ bolstered by consistent appealingness for the counselees. Joined together with hopes of being successful in encouraging them to identify ill-timed assumptions, to support them as they exchange misbeliefs for truths, and to finish off biblical thinking †all of which will enable them to change and conform to the work out of Christ (Adams, 1986; Crabb, 1977). A s Paul wrote to the church service in Ephesus: â€Å"…speaking the truth in love, may grow up in all things into Him who is the head †Christ” (Ephesians 4:15, NKJV). Expectations of Effectiveness\r\nIf methods used in counseling are in line with God’s Word, change brought about as a result will be effective. Crabb (1977) states worshipping the Lord more fully and divine service Him more effectively comes about as a result of solving problems in ways which cause one to be more like the Lord, or spiritually mature. A progression toward healthy relationships will be displayed as clients work toward the goal of spiritual and psychological maturity. The good news show is that the Lord Himself promises to guide individuals along the way. Isaiah 48:17b reads: â€Å"I am the Lord your God, who teaches you what is best for you, who directs you in the way you should go” (NIV). Crabb (1977) is relentless in his statement that the Lord will never allow a situ ation in life in which a believer is unable to respond biblically. Similarly, Adams (1986) explains as clients adopt pleasing God as their highest priority, changes made will have value forwards God and remain in effect. As counselors enter into relationships with clients, trusting in clients’ ability to make themselves vulnerable in the beginning the Lord, desiring change and adopting a conforming nature toward the character of Christ, the Lord cannot help but bless (Jeremiah 29:11). The Influence of Worldview on Theory\r\nView of Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality\r\nThe lens of the eye which is used to process and filter this author’s worldview is primarily a Christian lens. It exposes a theological biblical foundation, yet allows room for spirituality and psychology as well. There remains a strong belief to not incorporate any teachings or practices which would prove to be out of accord with the teachings of the Word of God. Adams (1986) spoke well when he re minded the reader that long before the existence of psychology, Jesus Christ was named howling(prenominal) Counselor. That is not to say psychology does not have a place in counseling, however, one must keep in the forefront of one’s mind the â€Å"depth of the riches both of the science and knowledge of God…of him, and through him, and to him, are all things” (Romans 11:33-35, KJV). Understanding comes from God, including the understanding He grants in the discipline of psychology. Therefore, one must take care not to simply induce superficial change in counselees. As psychology may supply wisdom to help clients modify behavior, the Christian counselor is responsible to help clients delve deeper; employing a substantial change of the heart †a change which is point by the Holy Spirit (Adams, 1986). There is an inner life which is known only to God and oneself. In order to facilitate any outward change of any significance, one must seek to try those deep places, allowing the Holy Spirit to work through the counselor to implement the changes which the Holy Spirit has promised to effect. Anything less would be short and unbiblical (Adams, 1986). Approach to Integration\r\nAs Christians, we are granted the capability through the Holy Spirit to know the truth in all things: psychology, theology, and spirituality. The anointing of the Holy Spirit which dwells in the believer, teaches concerning all things. But the anointing which you have received from Him abides in you, and you do not need that anyone teach you; but as the same anointing teaches you concerning all things, and is true, and is not a lie, and just as it has taught you, you will abide in Him. And now, smallish children, abide in Him, that when He appears, we may have confidence and not be ashamed before Him at His coming. (I John 2:27-28) Hawkins (2010b) described McMinn’s most effective pursuit toward psychological and spiritual health which involved three things : an accurate awareness of self, an accurate awareness of need, and heal relationships. In combining those three, and screening psychological concepts to determine compatibility with the presuppositions held by Christianity, Christian counselors can profit from secular psychology, provided unwanted elements which oppose truths found in God’s Word are discarded (Crabb, 1977). inference\r\nThe theory presented is careful to emphasize the importance of teaching the truth of the Word of God. By multitasking, or integrating psychological theories, as well as some aspects of spirituality, it is this author’s belief that the process of substantial, biblical, effective change is attainable for clients. The process of change must begin in the heart of the counselor and then reach out to encourage change in the wagon and lives of counselees. The emphasis must be on the word, â€Å"process.” As Paul writes, may each one â€Å"press toward the goal for the boodle of t he upward call of God in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 3:17, KJV). The hope of this future counselor is not only will counselees be travel to change to effect better mental health, but also will be moved to change to embrace the hope and healing which comes from a life which glorifies God.\r\nReferences\r\nAdams, J. E. (1986). How to help people change: The four-step biblical process. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Anderson, N. T. (2000). The bondage breaker. Eugene, OR: Harvest post Publishers. Backus, W., & Chapian, M. (2000). Telling yourself the truth. Bloomington, MN: Bethany planetary house Publishers. Cloud, H., & Townsend, J. (1999). Boundaries in marriage. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Crabb, L. (1977). Effective biblical counseling. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Hart, A. D. (1999). The anxiety cure: You can move up emotional tranquility and wholeness. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. Hawkins, R. (2010a). Hawkins’ model for guiding the counseling process. Lync hburg, VA: shore leave University. Hawkins, R. (2010b). Introduction, McMinn, and multi-tasking. Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University. Victory. (2014). In The Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved September 25, 2014 from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary Wilson, S. D. (2001). stomach people hurt people: desire and healing for yourself and your relationships. Grand Rapids, MI: find House Publishers.\r\n'

'Culture Day Topic Essay\r'

'History of Judo was created by Jigoro Kano. He was a highly educated man; he was considered the founder of the modern Japanese education arrangement. He wanted to preserve and combine the ancient warlike traditions of Japan. nonpareil of the most important innovations was the emphasis of â€Å"randori”, or non-cooperative free sparring practice. The majority was based on pre-arranged sequences of attack and defense known as â€Å"kata”. For some(prenominal) years Kodokan Judo reigned supreme. Kudo was ch wholeenged by a man named Mataemon Tanabae. Maeda Mitsuyo Maeda became nonpareil of the greatest fighters in the history of Judo.\r\nMaeda retired without ever losing a fight. The Gracies, Maeda settled in Brazil and created an academy of â€Å"Jiu Jitsu”. One of his students was Carlos Gracie. After studying for several years he opened his own academy. He and Maeda created the â€Å"Gracie Ch allenge”, all challengers were welcome to compete in the c hallenge. The Gracie fighters were victorious against all kinds of fighters from different backgrounds. Several members of the Gracie family began to go to the US in the late 1980’s. The Gracies and their particular brand of struggle has had a major impact on martial arts today.\r\nBrazilian Jiu Jitsu Brazilian Jiu Jitsu was very similar in many ways with to Judo and other systems of Japanese Jiu Jitsu. Judo was sooner designed as a powerful system of self-defense. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is divided into three categories: self-defense, free fighting competition, and sport grappling. The fighting strategy of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is to brace a physically smaller or weaker someone be able to defend from a bigger or stronger attacker. When applying BJJ (Brazilian Jiu Jitsu) techniques leverage is key. As leverage is the sequestered to the most use of force.\r\n'

'Human life development Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\nGrowth refers to an increase in surface, oft(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as transmits in an mortal’s proboscis for example size, weight, height and shape. Development ordinarily comes in comprises, as in the changes in the complicatedity of an psyche and a rise in skills or k instantlyledge, much(prenominal) as run intoing how to locomote.\r\nConception to birth (0-9 months)\r\nP1) The inwrought schooling is the cheatledge of the embryo in the m new(prenominal)s clay which is involveed to absorb oxygen and food from the kin for the mis massle. At this layer both of the increases atomic number 18 forcible changes.\r\nM1) physiological system eachy several(prenominal) deuce work weeks later(prenominal) a woman’s menstrual level the ovary releases an lump, which hence travels bring the f every(prenominal)opian sub elan. Sperm travels finished the cervix and swims into the fallopian tube †one single eg g penetrates the egg cadre and the resulting cell is called a zygote, past the fertilised egg travels d cause the fallopian tube. While doing this the fertilized egg divides once it has travelled by means of the fallopian tube, the embryo implants into the womb lining. From four weeks the embryo forthwith relaxes in the womb lining, the fall outer cell puddle out like roots to come in concert to the m opposites breed supply. The inner layer of cells form into devil and then subsequently on shape into three, each one of these layers bequeath grow to be disparate parts of the queer’s body. One of the layers chokes the genius and nervous system, the meatball, scramble and ears.\r\nA nonher layer go forth form into the lungs, gut and stomach; finally the triplet layer pull up s swallows grow into the blood, muscles, oculus and bones. The one-fifth week is the time of the bug outing time missed period when me very women be only just containd to cutk they whitethorn be pregnant. Nevertheless(prenominal) already the foil’s nervous system is spike run to resurrect. A groove forms into the top layer of cells. The cells creese up nearly to make a drudge tube called the neural tube. This go forth form into the vitiate’s brain and spinal cord. At the egotism compar able(prenominal) time the rape’s heart is glide path to rideher and already has pass judgmently of its own blood vessels. A string of these impart link treat and mformer(a) and exit endure the umbilical cord. From week sestet to s counterbalance thither is now an everywheresize bulge where the heart is and a bump for the aim beca intake the brain is failing. The heart get downs to circumvent and back be seen beating on an ultrasound s shadower. Dimples allow for pop out on the side of the point which will flex the ears and there atomic number 18 thickenings where the eyes will form. On the baby’s body there wi ll become bumps where the muscles and bones will be forming. At seven weeks the embryo has grown to 10mm enormous from head to interpenetrate, this measurement is called â€Å"crown- rump length”. By week eight a face is gradually forming, the eyes be more(prenominal) recogniz commensurate and charter some colour in them.\r\n in like manner there is a mouth in which the tongue has formed. There argon now the inducenings of hands and feet, with ridges where the fingers and toes will be. The major ingrained organs ar all weakening which ar the, brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, gut and the liver. On week nine the baby has grown to stringently 22mm eagle-eyed from head to bottom. week ten to fourteen, just 12 weeks after desire the fetus is fully formed. Its discipline all their organs, muscles, bones, limbs, and its devolve on organs, from now on it has grown and matured. The baby is now subject to continue or so; however, the movement’s freighter non yet be felt. By fourteen weeks the heart beat is rise up-built and can be heard by dint of using an ultrasound detector. The baby’s heart beat is higher(prenominal)ly fast, about twice as fast as a normal braggart(a)’s heartbeat. At fourteen weeks the baby is about 85mm long from head to bottom. From week fifteen the baby has now growth swiftly, the body grows bigger so that the head and body argon more in proportion and the baby doesn’t panorama so top heavy.\r\nThe face looks much more clement and the hair is beginning to grow as good as eyebrows and eyelashes. nonetheless the eye lids stay unkindly over the eyes. The lids of the tegument of the fingers atomic number 18 now make, so now the baby has its own undivided fingerprint. Toenails and fingers ar growing and the baby has a firm hand grip. At twenty-two weeks the baby is covered in a very beauteous, soft hair called â€Å"lanugo”. At about sixteen to twenty-two weeks you will be c ompetent to step the m other(a)s baby move for the first time. The baby is now despic fitting about smartly and responds to touch and to sound. You whitethorn be sufficient to olfactory modality the baby hiccup which will make the baby jerk. The baby whitethorn in any case begin to look out a pattern for waking and sleeping. From this full stop you be now overt of listening the heart beat with a stethoscope, in addition your partner may even be able to hear it by putting an ear to your abdomen, but it may be difficult to dominate. The baby is now en underweightd in a white, greasy substance called â€Å"vernix”.\r\nIt is plan that it is maybe to protect the baby’s skin as it floats in the amniotic fluid. The vernix largely goes before birth. By twenty-four weeks the baby is called â€Å"workable” this means that the baby is now thought to shit a chance of survival if innate(p). Around about twenty-six weeks the baby’s eye lids ar expose d for the first time. The eyes atomic number 18 close to al federal shape upncys blue or dark blue. It is non until some weeks after birth that the eyes become the colour they will stay, although some babies do view as brown eyes at birth. The head to bottom length at thirty weeks is about 33cm. By the time the baby is thirty-one to forty- weeks is it growing chubbier, so the skin which was quite wrinkled before, is now smoother. some(prenominal) the vernix and the lanugo begin to disappear. By about xxxii weeks the baby is typically lying downwards braise for birth. nearlytime beforehand the baby’s head may move down into the pelvis and is state to be â€Å"engaged” but some generation the baby’s head does not engage until savvy has begun.\r\nBirth to infancy (0-3 eld)\r\n carnal study\r\nP1) When a kidskin is freshly born they are weak †this means that it is a parent or phencyclidines responsibleness to ensure it survives however, all pea santren are born with natural corporal festerings, such(prenominal) as rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping, stepping and jump out reflexes although new born babies confirm very low salutary co-ordination they are able to focus their eyes and assume sounds from side to side. They are excessively able to utter and make gurgling sounds which suffices indicate the sister’s postulate.\r\n(M1) humanness are fairly helpless and hooked then they are born. To ensure the new-borns survival they want to be looked after. Babies are born with several reflexes which are sucking, rooting, grasping, swallowing, stepping and the spark offle reflex. New-borns are somely immobile when they are born and have very little muscular co-coordination. in short the muscles stupefy to strengthen and babies get going, their movements allow them to begin to look for their environment and catch how their world operates. Physical control progresses downwards, beginning with the head a nd moving done and through the arms, neck, trunk and finally their legs.\r\nFrom two months the baby is able to raise its head when lying on its stomach, at four months they can grasp objects using their consentaneous hand, at six months they will be able to sit up without support, at eight months they can commencement exercise to crawl, at twelve months they can walk without help, at cardinal months they can climb stairs and run but practically fall, at two eld they can control muscles which allow for weed training and they can climb on article of furniture and kick a ball but not yet catch one, and by three years they will be able to jump and aim a tricycle.\r\nworked up phylogenesis\r\nP1) Our stimulated increasement becomes from a very new-fashioned age that office a child and their main care presenter confederation together this will result in the trammel they gain towards one some other the emotional using of infancy is all about the intellect of having cre dential close to you and the development of trust and self-worth for yourself and others.\r\nM1)Emotional development is the way we are able to form exploitive relationships. new(a) babies cry if they are parted from their carer for a long time. One-year onetime(a) babies are about to take on about the effects their behaviour has on their caregiver and they can express emotions through laughter, tears and facial nerve expressions. Two-year old children are known for their hold tantrums as they find it hard to express their emotions. They are able to extract a legitimate compass point of empathy, which is practically stated through institute such as punishing or praising a doll. By the time they get to three, children are or so sensitive to other private’s feelings and are eager to share toys and take turns when playing. They are implicated in having friends and this is often when children deject nursery or play collection.\r\nIntellectual development\r\nP1) At this form children begin to develop the take heed, which allows them to recognise, remember, reason, know and visualize things that are nearly us. This all helps towards developing communication skills which help us to be downstairss similarlyd and the develop of developing relationships when children experience to interact with the environment they develop their own thoughts and responses to the world. language is also part of understanding development.\r\nM1) mind development refers to the development of the mind and lets us recognise reason, remember, know and empathize things around us. As a child co-operates with the environment, they progressively organise their thoughts and develop an appropriate vex of responses for go oning with the world. Children should know at least six intelligence operations by the time the child is eighteen months. intimately one-year olds should be able to break straightforward objects and by the age of two most are able to put two o r three words together into a untroubled sentence. By the age of three most mother tongue should be understandable and children should be able to tell in complete sentences. Children at this age go to bed to have stories read to them, often the same ones over and over again.\r\n amicable development\r\nP1) Social development starts a hardly a(prenominal) days after your child is born. New babies will respond to sounds of military personnel who are around them and will focus on the humans faces neighborly development is linked very closely with emotional development as the first genial relationships that are built are with those who are the main care provider for the child.\r\nM1) Our acquire to be cordial seems to be something we are born with, yet babies of a few days old will fight to the sound of human speech, touch and timbre, however kind development starts in the womb. The baby will be able to hear music, a care giver instruction a story and how the motherâ€⠄¢s mood is. If you watch and listen you will keep up that sometime(a) babies and toddlers make sociable moves towards each other and are pleased to see each other. At first the most important relationship will be the baby’s caregiver and other family members, whereas relationships with peers become more important as children start to grow up. early children form relationships and have a habit of showing preferences for particular peck. Language skills are live in the developing of these relationships and, as children develop, they are more able to express their feelings verbally. Children benefit from expenditure time with preteener and older individuals. One way in which children develop loving relationships outside their families is through play.\r\nChildhood 3-11 years\r\n(M1) Childhood is such an enkindle stage of development with forcible skills forming as well as children discipline about guild in which they live. Children become much more independent and i n umteen cultures already start to take on numerous responsibilities.\r\nPhysical Development\r\n(P1 When a child leads into their puerility stages they become more independent and take on their own responsibility and choices. The growth at this period is equable very fast as they start to develop their body proportions during childhood. These stage children start to develop their growth motor skills which help to engineer and muscle their large muscles, this helps with the skills for an example: walk, run, sit and other somatic activities. They also start to develop their fine motor skills which help to co-ordinate and control the elflike muscles in the body.\r\nM1) Growth carry’s on developing rapidly during this phase, however not as fast as in the first few years, and body proportions and beginning to be more bonny more advanced. Children begin to be more conscious(predicate) of things and are cable of tying their on post laces, making and decorating a cake, play sport such as football, building a brick tower, play a musical instrument, throwing a ball and gymnastics. Children learn any skills through doing these activities such as co- ordination.\r\nIntellectual development\r\nFor the period of stage children begin to be able to do more logical activities, they also start to understand different concepts whilst you explain things to them however, the individual needs to see them in order to completely understand. As children start to grow up and start to develop gifted skills their language becomes more fluent and extremely clear. Likewise through this stage children start to develops the consciousness of the past, present and the future.\r\nM1)we can only guess what children are thinking by their gestures and by what they say. During this stage of development numerous things start to change and take calculate in legion(predicate) different countries this is the time where when children often start formal schooling, some ideas about wh at we should be teaching children at this stage are ground on Piaget’s theories about what children are capable of understanding.\r\nStage 1- Sensorimotor (0-2 years) the infant learns about the word through their reasons such as their mouth and tasting. born(p) with reflexes- the infant learns to control their muscles and movements. The child needs to develop object permanence- Piaget said s/he doesn’t remember and know that something still exists if it is â€Å"out of softwood”. Stage 2 pre-operational (2-7) Children can now use language but Piaget said they can’t think in a logical way.\r\nThey need to develop â€Å"conservation” i.e. understand that a long-shanked slim crank of water doesn’t read more water than a short unspecific glass (children look at the carnal size instead of using logic). Stage 3 cover operational (7-11 years) the child can use logic but tends to focus on practicable/ unmistakable solutions. Stage 4 glob e operational (11+) the individual can now think about problems in their head and come up with different manageable solutions. For an example if I off on the clear up in a classroom which didn’t work, wherefore do you think this efficiency be.\r\nAs children are developing and getting older they are able to carry out more logical activities. They start to begin to understand different concepts but often need to actually see concrete objects in order to understand them. For example if the child is learning about fractions they will be able to understand it but only if they can use a concrete example like dividing up a pie so that a number of people can each have a piece. As children regress through this stage they become more or less fluent in language and may mature a good vocabulary.\r\nThey start to be able to contrast sentences and use grammar fairly well, it is also during this stage that children begin to see things from other points of views not just their own, Als o they have a sense of past, present and future. Moral development is something which also forms during this stage of development this is the process by which children adopt the rules and expectations of the society in which they are brought up and develop of lore of right and wrong. This would be learnt from the people around him such as their mother and father.\r\nEmotional development\r\nP1) During childhood the is the stage where children start to show pleasure towards their families and individuals who the children may be close to. They will create close attachments with these individuals, through this stage children start to develop and show may different emotions which for some changes for the wrong reason. Children will tend to act frustrated, sad and angry. This shows then they start to feel tired or need help with something.\r\nM1) as children headway through this stage they start to loosen their attachments with their main carers although they still need their support. T hey get up to be more individual and start to develop a sense of â€Å"self”. Most of our emotional responses are learned from our primary caregivers. Most children learn to be in control of their emotions responses and to resolve passage of arms and carers should praise the child when this occurs while trying to understand the temper tantrums of frustration that do occur. At this development the children start to show signs of compassion and empathy and again, carers need to sanction this. During this stage they also start to form the mogul to talk about their feelings, even at a young age children will say things such as â€Å"I feel sad” or â€Å"that makes me happy”.\r\nSocial development\r\nP1) childhood is when enculturation occurs to children, this is the development of bonds and friendships amongst individuals. And this is the stage where friendships outside the family become more solid as they start to move from the stage into adolescence where th at begins vital to them.\r\nM1) As children form into social begins they go through what is enclosureed â€Å"enculturation”. Primary socialisation takes rear end within the family although there are many different types of family’s. relationships with people outside of the family become more important as children move through this stage and into teenage years. One way in which these relationships develop is through play. Solitary is where young children like to explore and play with a wide range of toys by themselves. They will also like games of imagination and make-believe.\r\nThe approximate age would be 0-2 years, parallel is where toddlers will play alongside others and will even watch what they do but will not play another the approximate age would be 2-3 years. Simple co- working(a) is where children give in many different activities with others and learn to share and take turns this would be aimed at 3-5 years and complex co- operative is children making u p complex games with others, organising themselves and making their own rules. Approximate age would be 5 years and onwards.\r\nAdolescence (Teenage ages (11-18 years)\r\nPhysical development\r\nP1) During adolescence the physical change to an individual’s bo excretes is going through puberty, which is a rapid growth of our bodies an when we become physically able to reproduce. Puberty occurs in both boys and girls usually at the average age of 12. Both effeminate and males go through physically changes such as weight gain and growth spurts.\r\n(M1) At puberty, chemicals in your body called hormones set off many physical changes, including growth spurts and weight increases, and boys and girls begin to change and look different as they grow into a young men and women. Similar changes to women and men are under arm hair grows, pubic hair, body smell gets sinewyer, emotional changes and growth rate increases. Changes which only breathe for men are: voice breaks, testes, peni s increases, testes start to produce sperm cells, shoulders get wider and hair grows on face and chest. Changes which would happen for women: breasts develop, ovaries start to release egg cells ( period starts) and hips get wider getting ready for maternal quality and birth.\r\nIntellectual development\r\nP1) At this stage of adolescence the mind develops broader and you start to learn the ability to work with vellicate concepts. You also start to develop their long term computer retentiveness which enables the individual to remember more information and store it in their brain for a later date such as studying for a upcoming exams, this will be awfully bring out to in your look stage.\r\nM1) Stage 4 Formal operational (11+) the individual can now think about problems in their head and come up with different possible solutions. For an example if I turned on the light in a classroom which didn’t work, why do you think this might be. Teenagers also begin to see the differen ce between fact and opinion, learns that current actions many have an effect on the future and in late teens they will start to think about what they would like to do in the future for a career.\r\nEmotional development\r\nP1) At this stage you start to develop your own identify as an individual and your emotional intelligence. Also through this stage their emotional develop is all over the place, it has been portrayed as one of â€Å" beset and stress” in this period it is very prevalent for an individual to feel misapprehend at times and they may start to challenge parental values.\r\nM1) At this stage the most important period in development of adult record. Through this period teenagers may feel overwhelmed; often teenagers alternate from behaving like children and then behaving as adults. They also frequently feel misunderstood and may challenge parental values, deliberately push button against boundaries by this stage teenagers become less dependent on family for em otional support and turn to their friends for advice. This is called the incline of the peer group. Young people want to be accepted by their friends and this can be sometimes lead to difficult situations, affecting both self- wonderment and self- concept which may lead to depression, anxiety, being tonic and confused.\r\nSocial development\r\nP1) this is the most difficult stage for social development because as you come be independent on your peers you may start to find it a fight to fit in with different tugs of individuals. For example the c get byhing you wear, or the type of own(prenominal)ity they have. The main issue for social development passim adolescence is peer pressure.\r\nM1) Social and emotional development is interlinked and as teenagers gain independent, they spend more times with their friends. This allows them to exercise social skills, sometimes called social intelligence. For some adolescents factors such as living in poverty, living in a dysfunction fam ily and/or living someplace in a are which as high crime make this period of life much more difficult. Peer pressure can also be difficult if in the wrong crowd; this is often a period during which issues such as experimenting with alcohol, sexual orientation and attitudes towards fosterage are examined. However sexual relationships vary on your social group the avenge age is 17 years old.\r\n maturity ( grown-up 18-65 years)\r\nPhysical development\r\nP1) Individuals which are in their mid-twenties and mid-thirties which would be early adulthood are usually at the peak of their physical development. They are completely mature and it is at this stage that a lot of people have children, Individuals who are in their thirties or older start to see and feel the beginning of physical aging process.\r\nM1) Most elite perform at their bet in their twenties and even have to think about their hideaway. Good exercise regimes and a healthy lifestyle can help to expand this ad many indivi duals decide to start to develop their fitness after this age. From around about the age of 30 the physical develop process begins and individuals begin to note certain changes about their appearance such as wrinkling of the skin, hearing and sight decline, bones lose calcium, greying and thinning hair, tractableness reduces, circulatory system not as efficacious and the menopause for women over 50.\r\nIntellectual development\r\nP1) untimely adulthood is the stage where most individuals continue or further their nurture to get to their desired career, their intellectual health is very important because it helps creativity, general companionship and common sense. There is also evidence that memory decreases with age and, just as physical self needs exercise to keep flexible, so an individual’s mind will also need to be kept active.\r\nM1) Intellectual development certainly does not stop after the age of 18. Some individuals in our society either continue with their educ ation or start work at this stage of development. A lot of young adults continue their education at a collage or university even this stage the individuals intellectual development does not stop. once at work, many new skills are require and individuals may well also follow a number of more formal training courses. Young adults continue to develop problem solving and decision-making skills.\r\nEmotional development\r\nP1) Emotional development is very strong at this stage in life as individual aged between their twenties and thirties they will be thinking about life partners and developing close emotional bonds with one another. This is also the time where some people decide to have a family, which means new responsibilities. Most young adults have the emotional maturity to manage these, although there are sometimes too many pressures and they need to access outside help.\r\nMiddle adulthood from the mid-forties onwards is also a time of change and for some these changes can cause â€Å"Mid-life crisis”. Individuals will start to become aware of their physical ageing, women will go through the menopause, there are a less job options, some children are thinking of moving away from their parents, and middle aged adults may be helping looking after their own ageing parents, who are themselves experiencing difficulties. However for many people it is a positive time their experience is valued, they have been productive, there is more emptydom as children leave shoes and people are usually established in their communities. Individuals can look at the contribution they have made to society which gives them a sense of belong and well-being.\r\nSocial Development\r\nP1) Social changes are significant throughout this stage. In an individual’s twenties they usually do not have too many responsibilities and most people are able to spend quite a bit of unembellished time socializing with other people because friendships becomes vital and they begin to f ind it evoke being with other individuals and meeting new people.\r\nM1) Friendships are vital, both same sex and opposite sex, and meting new individuals is often an exciting activity. Throughout this stage there are many different types of relationships that develop both public and personal. The personal ones will be extended families, long-term friends and, possibly, a life partner. Public relationships are those which take place in the wider world. Such as the world of work, social networks are developed and maintained through a number of different ways.\r\nOld age (65+ years)\r\nPhysical Development\r\nP1) This can be a very important stage as physical appears starts to change, the skin starts to become lose and wrinkle in all places, most commonly the face and hands. The hair starts to thin and become grey, in most cases fall out easier. The skeletal bones and the joints become weak and unconvincing and start to give way. An individual may also develop sight and hearing impa irments which is blindness and hearing personnel casualty and the brain stops development if the person is not kept active and this results in memory loss for most individuals.\r\nM1) Once an individual hits the age around about their sixties their ageing process progresses more quickly. At some point almost all older people will have to deal with some sort of disability as they are no longer able to the things which they were able to do at a younger stage. Different physical effects of ageing can be their eye sight may find it difficult reading and the brain may cause some memory loss.\r\nIntellectual development\r\nP1) During this stage keeping mentally active you will still be able to learn different skills and hobbies, you can keep you intellectual development increasing through lifestyle factors, if you are an active individual this could just be through walking then you are more than likely going to keep your brain mentally more active than those who do not do any physical activity such as exercise.\r\nM1) umpteen individuals do not retire until much later and often act as advisors due to long life experience and light. Older individuals can still learn different skills and hobbies, which has been shown to help people in a positive way. They can learn opposed language, bridge, learn to play a musical instrument, join a painting or pottery glass and play scrabble. Many of these activates also involve others, which in itself provides mental stimulation. Social factors can also be significant. Older individuals who live with their family members and who have a lot of human interactions tend to a lot violate both in terms of physical and intellectual health than those who more isolated in old age.\r\nEmotional Development\r\nP1) Emotional development in old age can be as positive and negative. When an individual gets to the stage of old age it is known that they have a sense of pride. This is because many young individuals will look up to the older g eneration and want to listen to the things they have to say. From that it will make them feel like they have made a good contribution to their community. Likewise some older individuals look forward to having their own expel time to be able to spend with their family and friends or people who they are with during hobbies.\r\nM1)Many old individuals are at ease to be able to have more free time and are able to spend their retirement visiting family and friends or pursing their hobbies. In some societies the wisdom of old age is valued so those individuals feel they are making a contribution to their communities. just now if this is not the cause it can make people feel that they are just a drain.\r\nSocial Development\r\nP1) During old age individuals start to fill retirement, this means that most of the elderly become less social in the community, however it gives them more social time with individuals who care about them such as friends and family. If the individual had strong connections with family and friends this would be the stage where an individual can feel they are losing bonds. This is because people around your own age or older will start to lose their lives which will end up leaving you with a loss of a close friend or a family member is can lead to heavy depression and upset.\r\nM1) Many individuals unsex for retirement by developing interests that can followed later and other may do voluntary work. These kinds of social interactions have been shown to be vital for a healthy older age. If families do not live nearby, when partners and friends die or health problems make it difficult to get out, it is easy to become isolated and depressed. But there are now many services knowing to help avoid this situation.\r\nBibliography\r\nClass notes\r\nText maintain health and social care Level 2 Btec first : Elizabeth Haworth: Unit 8 published by Pearson Education Limited 2010\r\n'

'Essay Writing and Backwards Brain Bicycle\r'

'What Does demonstrate Writing and rearwards heading rack call for In Common \r\n taste composition is a must when you argon handout thru college. You receive to publish a lot to descend d angiotensin converting enzyme College, and if you demand to go further with academia, you’re tone ending to bring on to print a lot more than perpetually before. The more you larn the more you’re going to pee to write, and raises are never going to stop. If you commit a hard time write screens, you whitethorn want to look into the rearwards Brain steering wheel by Smarter either Day experiment by Destin.\r\nYou might be conf usanced, I make out, so allow me explain.\r\nSource: YouTube\r\nYou must be wondering what does rearwards Brain cps induct any liaison to do with move Writing. Well, this backwards Bicycle is going to help you empathize a little better close to how to write a first class essay OR dissertation. Well, by applying what you learn i n this short 7 hr interesting and entertaining video, you will top how we think one way, except because this Backwards Bicycle helps you understand the reality and how to make ad fairishments concord to your new reality.So, why is it impossible to ride this Bicycle unless you practice daily?To find this out, I get ahead you to watch this short, unless useful 7 minute video by Smarter Every Day.Everyone Learns How To Write respectable the likes of a BicycleThe thing about the Backwards Brain Bicycle is that it helps remember how things used to be. In general, you know the evaluate outcome from your Bicycle. For example, if you turn the handlebar to the right, you know it will turn right. If you turn the handlebar to the leftover, you know the expected outcome which is that Bicycle would turn left. In this experiment, Destin challenges himself by switching things up a little bit.\r\nEssay writing in College is no different. Even though you shake off been writing ever since you were a child, effrontery the new challenge and Writing Assignments you will have a bun in the oven to think differently. The aforementioned(prenominal) writing that you did early on in school or even mettle some school is now seems much more difficult.\r\nThe earth why it gets harder to Write in College is because you have to larn how to write in a definite manner. You may non get that at first glance, but things get a lot more progressive. This is where the Backwards Bicycle starts to show you the new world and how you assume to get accustomed to new reality.\r\nBackwards Brain Bicycle challenges you to learn how to ride a round even though people claim once you know how to ride a roll you never forget it, but by changing things a little bit, you ass see how this can rapidly become a difficult task. Writing in College vs. writing early on OR if you have gone for higher studies to another country is no different. This new challenge is going to take some ti me to master. So, how long does it take?But what if you changed things upIn this example, Destin the lead changed the Bicycle by switching the handlebars. Now when soulfulness would want to turn right, the wheels would inquire to turn to left and vice versa. That meant that riding this bicycle, you’d have to intuitively change how you maneuver.\r\nYou could not turn left, in collection to turn right. It was a constant battle and it took this manoeuver 8 months to learn how to ride this NEW Bicycle properly.\r\nMeanwhile, quite interestingly this Engineer proved that when you gain’t have to unlearn and relearn you can get this mounte much more quickly. He asked his 6-year centenarian son to ride the same small bicycle and he could do the same thing in only 2 weeks. That’s right, it took his 6-year old only 2 weeks instead of 8 months to ride the backwards bike.\r\nWriting for College and adjusting to your new College life is no different as compared to writing early on in your childhood.Writing Is Not Always LinearWhen you write an essay, you may think that you have to write things out in a linear pass water. You start with an introduction thus you write about the topic, and then you provide a conclusion towards the end. But that’s not invariably the case. As you learn how to write a College direct essay, you may find that there are opposites that you subscribe to work with.\r\nFor instance, you’ll take away to write an outline. You cannot get anyplace without an outline. You exigency to focus on what you want to say, a thesis, and then structure it in a frame to write points about. If you do not do this, and you just rely on the knowledge that you had previously, you’re not going to go very far.\r\nWriting an essay requires more than knowledge, it requires sense. There’s a fight here that umteen students and adults do not get at first. You can write often, but if you put on’t know how to illustrate your knowledge in a complex manner, writing long form, then you don’t really â€Å"understand” things.\r\n disregardless of the topic, you’re going to have to have an understanding of the larger principles and information that you’re working with. The undetermined matter you are going to be writing about has to be engraved in your mind, and you need to illustrate that through writing which may acknowledge paraphrasing Essays.\r\nThe Bicycle itself, can be easy to learn, but if you switch the format of how to ride, your brain could cause problems as you’ll want to focus on the biases, and comfort zones of your retentivity of learning.Writing Requires New HabitsThe reason why children can learn things faster is because they don’t have biases, and they don’t have habits that are already make through the practice and education attained through school. They are still learning, and therefore they will be able to mold into a new line of reasoning of writing, and expression. Adults do not have that ability because they have a set standard they are following.\r\n galore(postnominal) people that write essays have a certain style. They know certain formats, and stick to them. While many professors are akin to grade well in these endeavors, you will need to know more about how to change on the fly.\r\nHow to avoid plagiarismWhat if the assignment requires MLA formattingThen changes to bread Manual of StyleWhat if you’re supposed to write an essay that is about an opinion, or a review of a book or text of large quantities of informationWhat if you have to write something that is persuasiveThese are all different types of essays, and if you’re only accustomed to writing using â€Å"one” style, you will falter.Mind Over MatterTo change your mind, you will need to focus on a different form of learning. Instead of relying on what you already know, you have to focus and readjust in w ay that might be difficult.\r\nEssay writing is very much the same. Every new essay that you create, has to bridge the gap betwixt yourself, the reader, and the academic lesson that you’re trying to convey.\r\nWhether you’re writing for academic purpose OR writing for your workplace, you have to focus on how the audience is going to use your information. You cannot just rely on the past methods, and structures. You’ll need to create a different path, much like the Backwards Brain Bicycle. T\r\nThe backwards bicycle worked out, but it took time to rethink and relearn the biases of the brain. That is the same as essay writing. The more comfortable you are with writing, the more you need to relearn and redirect.\r\nIf not, your writing is going to fall short, and end up too linear, which is not going to work while presenting complex ideas.\r\n'

'George W. Bush more like T. Roosevelt as opposed to Taft and Wilson Essay\r'

' president George W. crotch hair’s seat September eleventh polity certainly shows enceinte resemblances to President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy more than than that of Taft or Wilson. Roosevelt had a more stern policy, promote the forceful defense of the terra firma and the spreading of democracy and Christian ideals to less well(predicate) countries. This was very more than so a direct correlation to what scrubbing tried to do Taft’s policy accentuate economic ideals in that he argued the US should chip in break money and succor countries elevate their economic berth in order for the promotion of heartsease and prosperity throughout the world. Wilson’s policy emphatic morality, and the â€Å"nice guy” stand efflorescence of how the US should compact out obligations. Consequently, President George furnish’s policy is a better reflection of President Theodore Roosevelt’s policy more than Taft’s or Wi lson’s policy because of the army and political ideals that the two policies share.\r\nPresident Bush’s tin September 11 policy reflects Roosevelt’s is because of the swift, stern actions that Bush’s administration took afterwards the oncomings on the nation. As Bush sent the troops all over to Iraq quickly and in great numbers, the administration sent a honest and stern message. The United States would non stand for an attack on its soil, and those who did so would receive grave penalty for their actions. This message echoes the morals behind the â€Å"big bunk” policy. Just as Theodore Roosevelt once said, â€Å"Speak quiet and carry a big stick.” Theodore Roosevelt be broodved that power was an authoritative and un negateable thing in foreign affairs.\r\nHe excessively noted in his addition to the Monroe precept (called the Roosevelt Corollary) that if any nation in the Western cerebral hemisphere appeared in a political or f inancial situation that would allow for European control, the US should intervene. With an imperialist outlook on the world, Roosevelt made the US a nation that constantly intervened and helped Latin American countries avoid European interference in the Western Hemisphere. Examples of this lie in Theodore Roosevelt actions when he made Cuba a protectorate, took Guam and Puerto Rico, as well as when he ventured out and regard the United States in the counterinsurgency of the Philippines all in order to fortify the existence of democracy and Christianity and help the individuals of the nations govern themselves.\r\nThese ideals and policies were mirrored in Bush’s actions when the US troops inhabited the Middle East, and the Bush administration took it upon itself to take advantage of their occupancy of the lands by spreading its ideals of democracy and ‘correct’ political procedures. By doing this, the Bush Administration had essentially identified these location s in the Middle East as lesser fortunate nations, deemed themselves fit to help these regions, and force their ‘help’ early(prenominal) the governments of the regions and to the people. This decision and series of actions greatly resembles the actions and opinions of Roosevelt’s Corollary.\r\nTaft’s policy by contrast, was more of the United States venturing out to foreign land allowing for each foreign nation’s gradual acquiring of political and economic power through US investment in the countries’ infrastructures, which has little to do with Bush’s initial choice to attack the Middle East after September 11. Taft used â€Å"Dollar Diplomacy,” instead of force force. He wanted control and to aid business community in the US, and was in strong favor of declaration problems via economic means rather than militarily.\r\nHe adage his policy as humanitarian, for stabilization improved the living(a) scale and conditions. For in stance, in Nicaragua during 1912, the government would default on its debts, which might mean European intervention. The US offered to bestow money (by private men) if the US could have rough supervision over Nicaraguan finances. Bush’s house September 11 policy does not mirror this because he was in favor of military force and making it known militarily that the US could not be attacked without grave punishment.\r\nWilson however ground his policy on Morality. Bush’s post September 11th policy did not whole reflect Wilson’s policy because Wilson’s missionary policy aimed more in the direction of desire peace and prosperity by means of creating pathways for institutions to emergence out globally while Bush’s aim after the September 11 attacks was to vindicate forcefully and brutally (neither of which was peaceful). For instance, when the Japanese attempted, in the disreputable Twenty-one Demands (1915), to reduce China almost to the statu s of a Japanese protectorate, he persuaded them to modify their conditions slightly. The ‘ vingt-et-un Demands’ required that China immediately cease its leasing of dominion to foreign powers and to ascent to Japanese control over Manchuria and Shandong (Shantung) among other demands. Such persuasion as impertinent to attack and forcefully making the US point reveals the difference between Bush’s and Wilson’s policy.\r\nConsequently, it is evident that President Bush’s post September 11 policy best resembles Roosevelt’s â€Å"big stick” diplomacy. Roosevelt’s policy was establish on pragmatism as well as the idea of the nation’s obligatory retaliation to threats and attacks on the nation’s soil. His belief in the United States’ obligation to help foreign nations in need of political/military assistance is also a part of his policy. After the September 11th attacks, each of these ideals was echoed in Presid ent George W. Bush’s new foreign policy in that he reacted to the tragedy through military retaliation and force. to boot once occupying the lands, the Bush administration chose to assist the Iraqi people and help them acquire the democratic ideals the US holds so dearly.\r\n'

'Namesake: Nikolai Gogol and Gogol S Circumstance Essay\r'

'The Namesake has a inter-group communication to belong as if deals with the disconnection of the Ganguli’s. The theme of lunacy and the attend for belonging between the two cultures is correspond through the shifts between the two countries; where Ashoke and Ashima move to the States growing their children up in an American orderliness but teaching them Bengali traditions. Lahiri uses techniques such as symbols to illustrate the hotshot of belonging and not belonging. passim the novel, the composer of the readysake illustrates an aspect of belonging through the technique symbolism.\r\nLahiri uses the subject of cooking and the symbol of the namesake, to create the sense of belonging and not belonging. Names are closely connect to identity and can help or balk a sense of belonging. However in Gogol’s circumstance he struggles to fit in some(prenominal) the America society and his Bengali home as he feels his name does not belong in either culture. On page 10 0 we externalise Gogol’s frustration with his name, â€Å"the only person who didn’t take Gogol seriously, the only person who tormented him.. was Gogol.. ” present the author has demonstrated to the reader that nobody else decide him for his name, yet he feels that he does not belong.\r\nThis reflects Gogol’s insecurity with his name making him feel forbidden of place in both cultures. Resulting to him changing his name in order to belong in his American society rather than his home culture. The ongoing bank line between the two cultures, connect to a sense of belonging. As it shows the differences between where Gogol and Ashima feel comfortable to where they belong. Ashima neer feels like she totally belongs in America and on page 1 she wants to prepare an Indian conventional meal with American ingredients which is unsuccessful. But by the cobblers last on page 274 she is cooking her last bed covering which she has become renowned for.\r\nLahir i presents the symbol of food as Ashima’s bicultural belgonging. `Where as Gogol feels as if he doesn’t belong with his Indian culture and their eating ways. On page 133 Gogol Is having dinner with Maxine’s family and he is equivalence her family ways to his, the Bengali feasts to Lydia and Gerald’s eating habits. Which represents where he is most comfortable with and that is in the American ways. In conclusion Lahiri uses the technique of symbols and motifs to interpret the different aspects of belonging, and the search for the belonging between two countries.\r\n'

'Gender relationships in one of the two course plays Essay\r'

'Show how gender relationships in star of the two course moves is used by the bestowwright to throw light on our understanding of the main character, and the all overall themes of the play. A view from the bridge is found in Brooklyn, an Italian community set in the 1950s. This particular part of the 20th century was seen as a rather sexist era. Men were a cope more dominant, wo manpower were known to stay at home cooking and cleaning-like every wife seems to do today! However aside from that, men matte up like they had to be ‘men’ all the time.\r\nThey snarl like if they expressed their feelings, dress downed ab let out(p) their troubles or cried, these men would be laughed at and ridiculed. Eddie Carb hotshot is a hard functional longshoreman who works on the docks in his local anaesthetic bea. Eddie is a common bloke; he is a proud and stubborn man but is a loving husband to his wife Beatrice and a feel for father figure to his niece Catherine. To the audience in the start part of the play Eddies fall downs across as the typical over protective father, however as the play progresses his feelings for Catherine become obvious that they are a lot heavier than what we are led to believe.\r\nThroughout the play we comment Eddie has fallen in sexual love with his niece but his feelings are not sexual, in my opinion it is an obsessive rent that shadowert be controlled as realized by Alfieri, â€Å"Something perversely pure calls to me from his memory †not purely good, but himself purely, for he allowed himself to be wholly known. ” Alfieri realizes his feelings for Catherine are exceptionally powerful and that their would be nothing that Eddie could do to control them or dissolve them. Eddie tries to open up to Alfieri but can’t quite bring the words out of what he wants to say.\r\nThere is alike one other particular part of the play when Eddie goes to see Alfieri in his office. Eddie goes to seek advice in recite to prevent Catherine from marrying Rodolpho. Alfieri subtly mentions Eddie’s feelings but doesn’t quite mention them in so numerous words. Alfieri says, â€Å"When the law is wrong it’s because it is unnatural, but in this case it is natural and a river will overpower you if you buck it now. Let her go. ” Alfieri is saying that it is illegal for Eddie to press involved with Catherine sexually. It goes against the natural order.\r\nHowever the only advice Alfieri can give is to turn Rodolpho and Marco in to immigration, but with them being family it wouldn’t be a wise move. Eddies love for Catherine is so strong that he is willing to go to any means necessary to stop her marrying Rodolpho, devising the call to immigration the only way out of the predicament. Eddie calls immigration, aware of his betrayal to Beatrice but he is doing it out of love for Catherine. Beatrice also realizes Eddie’s feelings for Catherine, in one [parti cular scene Eddie ad Beatrice view as a slim disagreement over Catherine which later leads to an argument over lack of sex.\r\nBeatrice wants to know, â€Å"When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie? ” Beatrice says it in this context rather than come straight out and says when are we going to have sex again. This way avoids embarrassment but fluent gets the point across without having to actually say it. Beatrice wants to talk about what is happening but she can’t get Eddie to open up to her. Eddies feelings are position a strain on the marriage, sexually, physically and emotionally. notwithstanding Eddie,\r\n'

'Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines\r'

'Optimizing Pilot mean and preparation for Continental Airlines Summary Continental Airlines is the fifth largest conveyline based on passenger book of account in United States. It furnishs over 1,100 daily flying services to five continents. Effective manpower mean is a key component for the success of Continental Airlines. It is essential for Airline Company to adjust its deprivation for pilots constantly in contrastive position in response to impertinent market opportunities, changing passenger demand, acquisition and retirement of aircraft and rearing resources and evolving economic conditions. on that pointfore, the confederacy collected culture from several separate database forms and construct the facts of life plans by victimisation spreadsheet. However, this development order was clock time consuming and complicated and the database apply was non capable for preparation plan as it was make use ofd for more 10 years. In order for answer the complic ated, large-scale pilot planning and education political course of study and increasing the competitive advantage in air transportation market, Continental Airlines replaced the old database remains and spreadsheets by the cabal Resource-Solver integrated decision- rear system.It includes four main modules to turn staffing, vacation, planning and readiness. The staff-administration module and vacation-administration module maintain lot records including only current and past assignments, absences and training enchantment the planning-optimization module and training optimization module provides information of pilot-planning and training functions (Yu, Pachon, Thengv solely, Chandler and Wilson 2004). Generally, Continental Airlines uses system bid portion out to determine the inescapably of staff changing to varied positions and handle the pilots’ requests to change positions.It mainly uses higher rank-based rules for decision making. In an average system bid aw ard, 15 to 20 percent of the air passage’s pilots receive new positions. As long with system bid award, the Crew Resource-Solver system basis build the training curriculum that establishes the timing of training, advancements, releases, and new pilot hires. The Crew Resource-Solver system includes two phase to solve the pilot training problem. The pilot-transitioning phase determines the timing of pilot transitions by apply limited information about training capacities to recoil the number of pilots appoint to training.The training-class-scheduling phase produces the detailed training schedule taking as input the resolving power from the pilot transitioning phase. As a result, the training syllabus contains a set of detailed training schedules including all training events for separately student and each training resource. The training course must satisfy all the constraints set by Continental Airlines such as pilots training volition not be assigned during their v acations and separate scheduled absences. Planners are able to use system to customize the training plans by changing the objectives and options (Verbeek 1991).Analysis The main objectives of the Crew Resource-Solver system are: 1. The value of the efficiency of the training programs 2. The forecast of future airline pilots’ needs 3. The maximization of the cost savings There are a number of advantages in utilize the Crew-Resource Solver system. First, the system improves the airline’s processes by enhancing information sharing within the organization and by simplifying system maintenance. Second, the system enhances data integrity by eliminating duplicate data storage and automating processes.Third, the system saves time compared to the old manual approach as it preserve produce a complete, optimized training plan that includes twain the pilot transitions and the training class schedules within an mo (Yu et al 2004). Moreover, the system increases the flexibilit y of the training program as it is able to customize by adjusting objectives and consideration options. The Crew-Resource Solver system provides an optimal set of components that can satisfy all training program requirements. However, thither are several limitations to the Crew-Resource Solver system.First, the training program constraint is based on the traditional training plan which highlights the inherent weakness of any optimization model as it relies upon sound data for complete outputs (Sarker 2008, p. 5). Second, the potential sources of savings vary depending on different system bids. It is the fact that a bid will have no cost components associated with those activities when it is no compulsory on new hires and pilot releases. Third, even using the system, on that point is a trade-off between block-hour shortages and other be on the training plans.Therefore, when block-hour shortages cost increases, the training cost will falloff, vice versa. It is unable to decrease both block-hour shortages cost and training costs together. Finally, the last(a) decision of the training program is not change and requires management to select the best option for each training program. Result The Crew Resource-Solver system is an master(prenominal) investment of Continental Airlines to upgrade the management of manpower-planning needs by resource optimization and operation and financial performance improvement.Based on the evidence given in the article, the Crew-Resource Solver integrated decision-support system is a booming program for Continental Airlines to achieve its above objectives. First, there are three ways for the cost savings. teach classes’ schedules become more efficiently and the number of pilots move to training decrease. Second, there is reduction in pay-protection costs as promoting pilots in new positions in seniority order.Third, it reduces payroll costs because the system can provide the optimized training plans which can use exiting pilots more efficiently and reduce the chances to hire new pilots. In fact, many an(prenominal) recommendations derived from the Crew Resource-Solver integrated decision-support system have already been applied and have helped Continental Airlines to save close to $10 million each year. Second, the integrated system have focused process improvement and ameliorate data integrity, and it is easier to maintain than the numerous legacy systems and spreadsheet finish it replaced (Yu et al 2004).References Sarker, R & Newton, C 2008, optimisation Modelling: A Practical Approach, CRC Press, Florida. Verbeek, P. (1991) Decision support systems †An Application in strategic manpower planning of airline pilots. Eur. J. Oper. Res. (55)3, 368-381 Yu, G. , Pachon, J. , Thengvall, B. , Chandler, D. & Wilson, A. (2004) Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines. Interfaces, Vol. 34, No. 4, July-August, p. 253-264\r\n'